Belgium - BE - BEL - BEL - Europe

Last updated: August 06, 2025
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Belgium Images

  • The City Hall (Stadhuis) in Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of the Grote Markt (Great Market Square). Built between 1561 and 1565, it displays both Flemish and Italian architectural influences.

    The City Hall (Stadhuis) in Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of the Grote Markt (Great Market Square). Built between 1561 and 1565, it displays both Flemish and Italian architectural influences.

  • The imposing main tower of the Hotel de Ville/Stadhuis (City Hall) in Brussels, Belgium. Built in the Gothic style, parts of the structure date back to the early 15th century. Its spire is topped by a gilt metal statue of the Archangel Michael, patron saint of Brussels. The façade is decorated with statues of nobles, saints, and allegorical figures.

    The imposing main tower of the Hotel de Ville/Stadhuis (City Hall) in Brussels, Belgium. Built in the Gothic style, parts of the structure date back to the early 15th century. Its spire is topped by a gilt metal statue of the Archangel Michael, patron saint of Brussels. The façade is decorated with statues of nobles, saints, and allegorical figures.

  • Our Lady of the Sablon Church in Brussels, Belgium, was built in the 15th century in a late Gothic style known as Brabantine. It is renowned for its brightly colored stained-glass windows.

    Our Lady of the Sablon Church in Brussels, Belgium, was built in the 15th century in a late Gothic style known as Brabantine. It is renowned for its brightly colored stained-glass windows.

  • The Saint-Cyr House in Brussels, Belgium, was built between 1901 and 1903 for painter Georges de Saint-Cyr; it is an Art Nouveau masterpiece.

    The Saint-Cyr House in Brussels, Belgium, was built between 1901 and 1903 for painter Georges de Saint-Cyr; it is an Art Nouveau masterpiece.

  • A bridge over a quiet canal in Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium. The name of the city, which is often called the Venice of the North, is believed to come from the Old Norse word "bryggia," meaning "mooring place." The canals were important in getting trading goods to their destination. Today, they are used exclusively for tourist boats.

    A bridge over a quiet canal in Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium. The name of the city, which is often called the Venice of the North, is believed to come from the Old Norse word "bryggia," meaning "mooring place." The canals were important in getting trading goods to their destination. Today, they are used exclusively for tourist boats.

  • The Church of Our Lady in Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium. Built between the 13th and 15th centuries, it contains both Romanesque and Gothic features, and its 122 m (401 ft) spire makes it the tallest structure in the city.

    The Church of Our Lady in Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium. Built between the 13th and 15th centuries, it contains both Romanesque and Gothic features, and its 122 m (401 ft) spire makes it the tallest structure in the city.

  • The historic center of Bruges (Brugge), Belgium, is crisscrossed by canals. The Dijver Canal connects the old part of the city with the outer canal ring, which ultimately connects to the North Sea.

    The historic center of Bruges (Brugge), Belgium, is crisscrossed by canals. The Dijver Canal connects the old part of the city with the outer canal ring, which ultimately connects to the North Sea.

  • The expansive Market Square in Bruges (Brugge), Belgium. The city is famous for its lace industry and canals. Market Square is the central gathering point for tourists and shops.

    The expansive Market Square in Bruges (Brugge), Belgium. The city is famous for its lace industry and canals. Market Square is the central gathering point for tourists and shops.

  • The City Hall (Stadhuis) in Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of the Grote Markt (Great Market Square). Built between 1561 and 1565, it displays both Flemish and Italian architectural influences.

    The City Hall (Stadhuis) in Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of the Grote Markt (Great Market Square). Built between 1561 and 1565, it displays both Flemish and Italian architectural influences.

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  • The Grand Place (Grand Square) or Grote Markt (Grand Market) is the central square of Brussels, Belgium, and is home to opulent guildhalls, the Hotel de Ville/Stadhuis (City Hall), and the King's House or Breadhouse building that houses the Brussels City Museum. Measuring 68 by 110 m (223 by 361 ft), the Grand Place is an important tourist destination and landmark in Brussels. Considered one of the most beautiful squares in Europe, the Grand Place became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1998.
  • The imposing main tower of the Hotel de Ville/Stadhuis (City Hall) in Brussels, Belgium. Built in the Gothic style, parts of the structure date back to the early 15th century. Its spire is topped by a gilt metal statue of the Archangel Michael, patron saint of Brussels. The façade is decorated with statues of nobles, saints, and allegorical figures.
  • Our Lady of the Sablon Church in Brussels, Belgium, was built in the 15th century in a late Gothic style known as Brabantine. It is renowned for its brightly colored stained-glass windows.
  • The Saint-Cyr House in Brussels, Belgium, was built between 1901 and 1903 for painter Georges de Saint-Cyr; it is an Art Nouveau masterpiece.
  • A bridge over a quiet canal in Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium. The name of the city, which is often called the Venice of the North, is believed to come from the Old Norse word "bryggia," meaning "mooring place." The canals were important in getting trading goods to their destination. Today, they are used exclusively for tourist boats.
  • The Church of Our Lady in Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium. Built between the 13th and 15th centuries, it contains both Romanesque and Gothic features, and its 122 m (401 ft) spire makes it the tallest structure in the city.
  • The historic center of Bruges (Brugge), Belgium, is crisscrossed by canals. The Dijver Canal connects the old part of the city with the outer canal ring, which ultimately connects to the North Sea.
  • The expansive Market Square in Bruges (Brugge), Belgium. The city is famous for its lace industry and canals. Market Square is the central gathering point for tourists and shops.
  • The City Hall (Stadhuis) in Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of the Grote Markt (Great Market Square). Built between 1561 and 1565, it displays both Flemish and Italian architectural influences.

Belgium Factbook Data

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Tim RICHARDSON (since January 2025)

embassy: Regentlaan 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels

mailing address: 7600 Brussels Place, Washington DC  20521-7600

telephone: [32] (2) 811-4000

FAX: [32] (2) 811-4500

email address and website:
uscitizenBrussels@state.gov

https://be.usembassy.gov/

Age structure

0-14 years: 16.9% (male 1,038,578/female 990,215)

15-64 years: 62.8% (male 3,796,844/female 3,730,784)

65 years and over: 20.2% (2024 est.) (male 1,073,635/female 1,347,578)
2024 population pyramid
This is the population pyramid for Belgium. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.

Geographic coordinates

50 50 N, 4 00 E

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Natural hazards

flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes

Area - comparative

about the size of Maryland
Area comparison map

about the size of Maryland

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 1995 (2024)

note 1: in 2024, women comprised about 11% of the military's full-time personnel

note 2: foreign nationals 18-34 years of age who speak Dutch or French and are citizens of EU countries, Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland may apply to join the military

Background

Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. In recent years, longstanding tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. The capital city of Brussels is home to numerous international organizations, including the EU and NATO.

Environmental issues

urbanization; possible risks from industry and intensive farming; air and water pollution

International environmental agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Military expenditures

1.3% of GDP (2024 est.)
1.2% of GDP (2023)
1.2% of GDP (2022)
1.1% of GDP (2021)
1% of GDP (2020)

Population below poverty line

12.3% (2022 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.8% (2022 est.)

highest 10%: 22.2% (2022 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Exports - commodities

refined petroleum, natural gas, vaccines, cars, packaged medicine (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

France 20%, Netherlands 15%, Germany 14%, Italy 6%, USA 5% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Administrative divisions

3 regions (French: régions, singular - région; Dutch: gewesten, singular - gewest); Brussels-Capital Region, also known as Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (Dutch), Region de Bruxelles-Capitale (French long form), Bruxelles-Capitale (French short form); Flemish Region (Flanders), also known as Vlaams Gewest (Dutch long form), Vlaanderen (Dutch short form), Region Flamande (French long form), Flandre (French short form); Walloon Region (Wallonia), also known as Region Wallone (French long form), Wallonie (French short form), Waals Gewest (Dutch long form), Wallonie (Dutch short form)

note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; the 2012 sixth state reform transferred additional competencies from the federal state to the regions and linguistic communities

Agricultural products

sugar beets, milk, potatoes, wheat, pork, lettuce, maize, chicken, barley, pears (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Military and security forces

Belgian Armed Forces (Defensie or La Défense): Land Component, Marine (Naval) Component, Air Component, Medical Component, Cyber Command (2025)

note: the Belgian Federal Police is the national police force and responsible for internal security and nationwide law and order, including migration and border enforcement

Budget

revenues: $220.744 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $234.883 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Capital

name: Brussels

geographic coordinates: 50 84 N, 4 35 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the name is of Germanic origin, from broca (marsh) and sali (room or building)

Imports - commodities

cars, natural gas, vaccines, packaged medicine, crude petroleum (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Climate

temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Coastline

66.5 km

Constitution

history: drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state)

amendment process: "revisions" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
0.924 (2024 est.)
0.925 (2023 est.)
0.95 (2022 est.)
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.876 (2020 est.)

Executive branch

chief of state: King PHILIPPE (since 21 July 2013)

head of government: Prime Minister Bart DE WEVER (since 3 February 2025)

cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch

election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following legislative elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister, which the legislature approves

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are from the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field)

Illicit drugs

USG identification:
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

Independence

4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)

Industries

engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Constitutional Court or Grondwettelijk Hof (in Dutch) and Cour Constitutionelle (in French) (consists of 12 judges - 6 Dutch-speaking and 6 French-speaking); Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) and Cour de Cassation (in French) (court organized into 3 chambers: civil and commercial; criminal; social, fiscal, and armed forces; each chamber includes a Dutch division and a French division, each with a chairperson and 5-6 judges)

judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by Parliament; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by the High Council of Justice, a 44-member independent body of judicial and non-judicial members; judges appointed for life

subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional courts; specialized courts for administrative, commercial, labor, immigration, and audit issues; magistrate's courts; justices of the peace

Land boundaries

total: 1,297 km

border countries (4): France 556 km; Germany 133 km; Luxembourg 130 km; Netherlands 478 km

Land use

agricultural land: 44.6% (2022 est.)

arable land: 28.3% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 0.8% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 15.5% (2022 est.)

forest: 22.6% (2022 est.)

other: 32.8% (2022 est.)

Legal system

civil law system based on the French Civil Code; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

legislature name: Federal Parliament (Parlement fédéral - Federaal Parlement - Föderales Parlament)

legislative structure: bicameral

note: the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this results in six governments, each with its own legislative assembly

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limit

continental shelf: median line with neighbors

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional members), AfDB (nonregional members), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

National holiday

Belgian National Day (ascension to the throne of King LEOPOLD I), 21 July (1831)

Nationality

noun: Belgian(s)

adjective: Belgian

Natural resources

construction materials, silica sand, carbonates, arable land

Geography - note

crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals are within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the EU and NATO

Economic overview

high-income, core EU and eurozone economy; slow growth with weakened domestic consumption and export demand; high public debt and structural deficits linked to social spending; aging workforce with weak productivity growth and participation rates

Political parties

Flemish parties:
Christian Democratic and Flemish or CD&V 
Vooruit or Forward (formerly Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A)
Groen or Green (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens)
New Flemish Alliance or N-VA 
Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD 
Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB 

Francophone parties:
Ecolo (Francophone Greens) 
Francophone Federalist Democrats or Defi 
Les Engages (formerly Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH)
Reform Movement or MR 
Socialist Party or PS 
Workers' Party or PVDA-PTB

Railways

total: 3,602 km (2020) 3,160 km electrified

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Terrain

flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast

Government type

federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy

Country name

conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium

conventional short form: Belgium

local long form: Royaume de Belgique (French)/Koninkrijk Belgie (Dutch)/Koenigreich Belgien (German)

local short form: Belgique/Belgie/Belgien

etymology: the name derives from the Belgae, an ancient Celtic tribal confederation that inhabited an area between the English Channel and the west bank of the Rhine in the first centuries B.C.

Location

Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the Netherlands

Map references

Europe

Irrigated land

57 sq km (2013)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Frédéric BERNARD (since 25 February 2025)

chancery: 1430 K Street NW, Washington DC 20005

telephone: [1] (202) 333-6900

FAX: [1] (202) 338-4960

email address and website:
Washington@diplobel.fed.be

https://unitedstates.diplomatie.belgium.be/en

consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Los Angeles, New York

Internet users

percent of population: 95% (2023 est.)

Internet country code

.be

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 20,086 (Syria), 7,049 (Afghanistan), 5,769 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 75,030 (Ukraine) (as of 29 February 2024)

stateless persons: 1,190 (2022)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$664.564 billion (2024 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Total renewable water resources

18.3 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 19 years (2022 est.)

male: 18 years (2022 est.)

female: 20 years (2022 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 98.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Broadcast media

a segmented market with the three major linguistic communities (Flemish-, French-, and German-speaking) each responsible for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community;  over 90% of households are connected to cable and can access TV broadcasts from neighboring countries; each community has a public radio network coexisting with private broadcasters

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

National anthem(s)

title: "La Brabançonne" (The Song of Brabant)

lyrics/music: Louis-Alexandre DECHET [French] and Victor CEULEMANS [Dutch]/Francois VAN CAMPENHOUT

history: adopted 1830; according to legend, Louis-Alexandre DECHET, an actor at the theater where the revolution against the Netherlands began, wrote the lyrics with a group of young people in a Brussels cafe
This is an audio of the National Anthem for Belgium. The national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition - usually in the form of a song or hymn of praise - that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, or struggles of a nation or its people. National anthems can be officially recognized as a national song by a country's constitution or by an enacted law, or simply by tradition. Although most anthems contain lyrics, some do not.

Major urban areas - population

2.122 million BRUSSELS (capital), 1.057 million Antwerp (2023)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Physician density

6.53 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density

5.5 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

National symbol(s)

golden rampant lion

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.2 years (2020 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

66.7% (2018)

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 50.4% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 23.8% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 24.4% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 1% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 84.2% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -84.8% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 57.3 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 25.3 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 32.1 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 3.1 (2024 est.)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Belgium

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Population distribution

most of the population is concentrated in the northern two thirds of the country; the southeast is more thinly populated; considered to have one of the highest population densities in the world, with approximately 97% living in urban areas

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

OO

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Belgian 75.2%, Italian 4.1%, Moroccan 3.7%, French 2.4%, Turkish 2%, Dutch 2%, other 10.6% (2012 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 57.1%, Protestant 2.3%, other Christian, 2.8%, Muslim 6.8%, other 1.7%, atheist 9.1%, nonbeliever/agnostic 20.2% (2018 est.)

Languages

Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%

major-language sample(s):
Het Wereld Feitenboek, een onmisbare bron van informatie. (Dutch)

The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
French audio sample
Dutch audio sample

Imports - partners

Netherlands 20%, Germany 13%, France 11%, USA 7%, Ireland 4% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Elevation

highest point: Botrange 694 m

lowest point: North Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 181 m

Health expenditure

11% of GDP (2021)

15.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

Military - note

the Belgian military's responsibilities include territorial defense, humanitarian/disaster relief, assistance to the police if required, international peacekeeping missions, and support to its NATO and EU security commitments, which Belgium considers vital components of its national security policy; outside of the country, the military operates almost always within an international organization or a coalition; Belgium was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949; it hosts the NATO headquarters in Brussels; Belgium also cooperates bilaterally with neighboring countries, such as Luxembourg and the Netherlands, in conducting joint patrols of their respective air spaces and in a composite combined special operations command with Denmark and the Netherlands (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 23,000 active-duty Belgian Armed Forces (10,000 Land Component; 1,500 Marine Component; 5,000 Air Force Component; 1,500 Medical Component; 5,000 other, including joint staff, support, and training schools) (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the armed forces have a mix of weapons systems from European countries, Israel, and the US; Belgium has an export-focused defense industry that focuses on components and subcontracting (2024)

Military deployments

has about 1,000 personnel deployed on foreign missions, including more than 300 ground forces deployed in Eastern Europe, as well as air and naval assets, supporting NATO missions for the defense of NATO's eastern flank (2024)

Terrorist group(s)

Terrorist group(s): Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 740 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 3.47 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 4.708 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 1,614,985 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 34.3% (2015 est.)

Average household expenditures

on food: 12.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 11.26 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 96.89 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 7.78 megatons (2020 est.)

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 16 (15 cultural, 1 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Belfries of Belgium (c); Historic Brugge (c); The Grand Place, Brussels (c); Major Town Houses of Victor Horta (c); Notre-Dame Cathedral, Tournai (c); Spa, Liege (c); Primeval Beech Forests - Sonian Wood (n); Stoclet Palace (c)

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Seine (78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)

Coal

production: 1.269 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 4.372 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 184,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 4.046 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 4.1 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 24.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear: 40.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 9.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 20% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: -0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Belgium has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower

biomass and waste: 6.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Natural gas

production: 12.938 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption: 14.382 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports: 8.461 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 23.007 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 11,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 596,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.86 (2024 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

43.2% (2023 est.)

Remittances

2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)
2.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 4 (2025)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 3.46GW (2025 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 41.2% (2023 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 3 (2025)

Space program overview

founding member of the European Space Agency (ESA), which acts as the de facto Belgian space agency; builds satellites, particularly research/science/technology and remote sensing (RS) platforms; researches, develops, and produces a wide variety of space technologies, including telecommunications, optics, robotics, scientific instruments, and space launch vehicle (SLV) components; provides funding for the ESA’s SLV program, as well as legal, scientific, and technological expertise; hosts the European Space Security and Education Center (established 1968); participates in international astronomy efforts, particularly through the European Southern Observatory (ESO); in addition to the ESA members, has cooperated with a variety foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, China, India, Russia, South Africa, UAE, Vietnam, and the US (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Space agency/agencies

Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy-Interfederal Space Agency of Belgium (BIRA-IASB; established 1964; IASB added 2017); Belgium Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) (2024)

Child marriage

women married by age 15: 0% (2020)

women married by age 18: 0.1% (2020)

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 2 (2024)

global geoparks and regional networks: Famenne-Ardenne; Schelde Delta (includes Netherlands) (2024)

Ports

total ports: 7 (2024)

large: 1

medium: 2

small: 2

very small: 2

ports with oil terminals: 5

key ports: Antwerpen, Bruxelles, Ghent, Oostende, Zeebrugge

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name: House of Representatives (Chambre des Représentants)

number of seats: 150 (all directly elected)

electoral system: proportional representation

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 6/9/2024

parties elected and seats per party: New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) (24); Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) (20); Movement for Reform (MR) (20); Socialist Party in Wallonia (PS) (16); Workers' Party of Belgium (PTB*PVDA) (15); LES ENGAGÉS (14); Vooruit (13); Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) (11); Other (17)

percentage of women in chamber: 41.3%

expected date of next election: June 2029

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name: Senate (Sénat - Senaat - Senat)

number of seats: 60 (all indirectly elected)

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 7/18/2024

percentage of women in chamber: 47.5%

expected date of next election: July 2029

National color(s)

red, black, yellow

Labor force

5.416 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 16.8% (2024 est.)

male: 18.6% (2024 est.)

female: 14.7% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Net migration rate

4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 42 years (2024 est.)

male: 40.8 years

female: 43.1 years

Maternal mortality ratio

4 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$41.449 billion (2024 est.)
$40.813 billion (2023 est.)
$41.274 billion (2022 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Public debt

92.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Total fertility rate

1.76 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.5% (2024 est.)
5.6% (2023 est.)
5.6% (2022 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Population

total: 11,977,634 (2024 est.)

male: 5,909,057

female: 6,068,577

Carbon dioxide emissions

112.083 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 8.166 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 76.635 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 27.282 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Area

total : 30,528 sq km

land: 30,278 sq km

water: 250 sq km

Taxes and other revenues

22.7% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$749.229 billion (2024 est.)
$741.672 billion (2023 est.)
$732.865 billion (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Airports

48 (2025)

Infant mortality rate

total: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 3.5 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 12.1 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 102 (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

26.4 (2022 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.1% (2024 est.)
4% (2023 est.)
9.6% (2022 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Current account balance

-$5.679 billion (2024 est.)
-$4.503 billion (2023 est.)
-$7.031 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Real GDP per capita

$63,100 (2024 est.)
$62,900 (2023 est.)
$62,700 (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 5.12 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 44 (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 24.1% (2025 est.)

male: 26.4% (2025 est.)

female: 22% (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.1% (2016)

Energy consumption per capita

190.416 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Death rate

9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Birth rate

10.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 28.248 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 74.537 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports: 18.279 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports: 18.626 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 3.147 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 198 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 17, container ship 2, general cargo 16, oil tanker 21, other 142

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1% (2014/15)

Imports

$531.029 billion (2024 est.)
$546.426 billion (2023 est.)
$573.192 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports

$525.458 billion (2024 est.)
$542.508 billion (2023 est.)
$565.233 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Heliports

112 (2025)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 2.667 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2023 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 9.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 4.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 3.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 1.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 82.3 years (2024 est.)

male: 79.7 years

female: 85 years

Real GDP growth rate

1% (2024 est.)
1.2% (2023 est.)
4.3% (2022 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Industrial production growth rate

-0.6% (2024 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 0.8% (2024 est.)

industry: 17.6% (2024 est.)

services: 72.1% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Education expenditure

6.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

11.3% national budget (2021 est.)

Population growth rate

0.53% (2024 est.)
Sources: