Canada - CA - CAN - CAN - North America

Last updated: May 07, 2025

Canada Images

Hans Island, an uninhabited island located between Canada’s Ellesmere Island and Greenland (an autonomous territory of Denmark), was the center of a “whiskey war” between Canada and Denmark from 1984 to 2022. The island was named for Greenlandic Inuk explorer Hans Hendrik, who was part of the 1853 expedition to the barren 130 h (320 acre) island that established Denmark’s claim. Canada then operated a scientific station there during World War II, and a Canadian oil company later operated nearby. In 1984, the Danish prime minister planted a flag on the island, prompting the Canadians to plant their flag – and leave a bottle of whiskey for the Danes. The Danes reciprocated with a flag-raising and a bottle of schnapps for the Canadians. This “war” lasted until an agreement in 2022 split the island in half. The agreement was sealed with a final exchange of spirits.
The Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, Canada, houses the viceregal suite of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and the offices for members of the provincial parliament.
"The Crystal" is the entrance to the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. The ROM is Canada's largest repository of world culture and natural history.
Inside one of the six conservatories at Allan Gardens, a park and indoor botanical garden in Toronto, Canada. Opened in 1860, Allan Gardens is one of the oldest parks in Toronto and is named after a former mayor and senator who donated the land to the city.
The Bay of Fundy between the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada, is home to the highest recorded tides on Earth, which can seasonally exceed 15 m (50 ft). On the western shore of the bay, Hopewell Rocks are sandstone conglomerates eroded by the rapidly shifting tides. At low tide, the formations are viewable from the beach.
Fossil Beach on the eastern side of the Bay of Fundy in Canada regularly sees 12 m (40 ft) tides. At low tide, people can search the beach and cliffs for prehistoric fossils to add to the nearby museum collection.
Moraine Lake in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. The intense blue waters of the lake come from the run-off of nearby glaciers.
Montmorency Falls forms at the mouth of the Montmorency River as it drops over a cliff shore into the St. Lawrence River. The waterfalls are the highest in Canada's province of Quebec.
Green Gables farmhouse, Cavendish, Prince Edward Island, Canada. The farm and its environs served as the setting for the popular "Anne of Green Gables" novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery.
Peggys Point Lighthouse in Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada, is a popular tourist site operated by the Canadian Coast Guard. The lighthouse, the second one on this site, was built in 1914 and is 15 m (50 ft) tall.
Balancing Rock is a 6.1-m (20-ft)-tall basalt pillar located along St. Mary’s Bay in Nova Scotia, Canada. This rock sits precariously along the exposed coastline but is strong enough to have resisted efforts to pull it down.
Hans Island, an uninhabited island located between Canada’s Ellesmere Island and Greenland (an autonomous territory of Denmark), was the center of a “whiskey war” between Canada and Denmark from 1984 to 2022. The island was named for Greenlandic Inuk explorer Hans Hendrik, who was part of the 1853 expedition to the barren 130 h (320 acre) island that established Denmark’s claim. Canada then operated a scientific station there during World War II, and a Canadian oil company later operated nearby. In 1984, the Danish prime minister planted a flag on the island, prompting the Canadians to plant their flag – and leave a bottle of whiskey for the Danes. The Danes reciprocated with a flag-raising and a bottle of schnapps for the Canadians. This “war” lasted until an agreement in 2022 split the island in half. The agreement was sealed with a final exchange of spirits.
The Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, Canada, houses the viceregal suite of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and the offices for members of the provincial parliament.

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Canada Factbook Data

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Pete HOEKSTRA (since 29 April 2025)

embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8

mailing address: 5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20521-5480

telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335

FAX: [1] (613) 241-7845

email address and website:
OttawaNIV@state.gov

https://ca.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver

consulate(s): Winnipeg

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148)

15-64 years: 63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512)

65 years and over: 21% (2024 est.) (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)

This is the population pyramid for Canada. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.

Geographic coordinates

60 00 N, 95 00 W

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Natural hazards

continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains

volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

Area - comparative

slightly larger than the US

slightly larger than the US

Military service age and obligation

17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2023)

note 1: Canada opened up all military occupations to women in 2001; women in 2023 comprised about 16% of the CAF

note 2: the CAF offers waivers to foreign nationals applying for military service only in exceptional cases — to individuals on international military exchanges, for example, or to candidates who have specialized skills in high demand

Background

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

Environment - current issues

metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Military expenditures

1.4% of GDP (2024)
1.3% of GDP (2023)
1.2% of GDP (2022)
1.3% of GDP (2021)
1.4% of GDP (2020)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3% (2019 est.)

highest 10%: 24% (2019 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Exports - commodities

crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Administrative divisions

10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Agricultural products

wheat, rapeseed, maize, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, peas, oats, pork (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Military and security forces

Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force (2025)

note 1: the CAF is comprised of both a Regular Force and a Reserve Force; the Reserve Force is comprised of the Primary Reserve, Canadian Rangers, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Supplementary Reserve; the Canadian Rangers are part of the Army Reserve Force and provide a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles

note 2: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or "Mounties") is under the Department of Public Safety; the Coast Guard is under the Department of Fisheries and Oceans

Budget

revenues: $393.642 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $399.8 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Capital

name: Ottawa

geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W

time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November

time zone note: Canada has six time zones

etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade"

Imports - commodities

cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Climate

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Coastline

202,080 km

note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world

Constitution

history: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982

amendment process: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council

Exchange rates

Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
1.35 (2023 est.)
1.302 (2022 est.)
1.254 (2021 est.)
1.341 (2020 est.)
1.327 (2019 est.)

Executive branch

chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)

head of government: Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025)

cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general

note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial

Flag description

two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol

Illicit drugs

transnational criminal organizations trafficked cocaine, opium, methamphetamine, other synthetic drugs, and prescription drugs (some of which transited the United States) to Canada for domestic consumption; a source of synthetic drugs (including synthetic opioids), cannabis, and MDMA trafficked to the United States; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics

Independence

1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

Industries

transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges)

judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75

subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts

note: in 1999, the Nunavut Court -- a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court -- was established to serve isolated settlements

Land boundaries

total: 8,892 km

border countries (2): US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska); Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km

Land use

agricultural land: 6.5% (2022 est.)

arable land: 4.4% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 2.1% (2022 est.)

forest: 39.5% (2022 est.)

other: 54% (2022 est.)

Legal system

common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

Legislative branch

legislature name: Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada

legislative structure: bicameral

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

National holiday

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Nationality

noun: Canadian(s)

adjective: Canadian

Natural resources

bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Geography - note

note 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border

note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes -- that is more than all other countries combined

Economic overview

high-income economy and second-largest US trading partner; key timber, oil, and gas industries; trade uncertainties and weak business investments contributing to economic slowdown; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above target range

Political parties

Bloc Quebecois
Conservative Party of Canada or CPC
Green Party
Liberal Party
New Democratic Party or NDP
People's Party of Canada

Railways

total: 49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)

standard gauge: 49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: the Canadian telecom market continues to show steady development as operators invest in network upgrades; much of the investment among telcos has been channeled into LTE infrastructure to capitalize on consumer demand for mobile data services, while there has also been further investment in 5G; investment programs have also been supported by regulatory efforts to ensure that operators have spectrum available to develop 5G services; an investment in fixed-line infrastructure, focused on FttP and, among cable broadband providers; government policy has encouraged the extension of broadband to rural and regional areas, with the result that services are almost universally available and the emphasis now is on improving service speeds to enable the entire population to benefit from the digital economy and society; cable broadband is the principal access platform, followed by DSL; the mobile rate remains comparatively low by international standards; Canadians have provided for LTE and LTE-A infrastructure; despite topographical challenges and the remoteness of many areas, the major players effectively offer 99% population coverage with LTE; operators now provide up to 70% population coverage with 5G (2024)

domestic: Nearly 29 per 100 fixed-line and 91 per 100 mobile-cellular teledensity (2022)

international: country code - 1; landing points for the Nunavut Undersea Fiber Optic Network System, Greenland Connect, Persona, GTT Atlantic, and Express, KetchCan 1 Submarine Fiber Cable system, St Pierre and Miquelon Cable submarine cables providing links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)

Terrain

mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Government type

federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

Country name

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Canada

etymology: the name is probably derived from the Huron or Iroquois word kanata, meaning village or camp

Location

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Map references

North America

Irrigated land

9,045 sq km (2015)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)

chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001

telephone: [1] (844) 880-6519

FAX: [1] (202) 682-7738

email address and website:
ccs.scc@international.gc.ca

https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=eng

consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle

trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General

Internet users

percent of population: 94% (2022 est.)

Internet country code

.ca

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 22,400 (Venezuela) (refugees and migrants) (2020); 5,254 (Iran) (mid-year 2021)

stateless persons: 4,323 (2022)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.142 trillion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: AA+ (2020)

Moody's rating: Aaa (2002)

Standard & Poors rating: AAA (2002)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Total renewable water resources

2.9 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Broadcast media

2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: 99.3% of population

rural: 99.1% of population

total: 99.2% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0.7% of population

rural: 0.9% of population

total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)

National anthem

name: "O Canada"

lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE

note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, "O Canada" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the King" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

This is an audio of the National Anthem for Canada. The national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition - usually in the form of a song or hymn of praise - that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, or struggles of a nation or its people. National anthems can be officially recognized as a national song by a country's constitution or by an enacted law, or simply by tradition. Although most anthems contain lyrics, some do not.

Major urban areas - population

6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Physician density

2.82 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density

2.5 beds/1,000 population (2019)

National symbol(s)

maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.4 years (2019 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 55.2% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 21.2% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 22.8% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.2% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 33.4% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -33.8% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 56.8 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 23.9 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 32.9 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 3 (2024 est.)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Population distribution

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 99.1% of population

rural: 98.9% of population

total: 99% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0.9% of population

rural: 1.1% of population

total: 1% of population (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)

note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

Religions

Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)

Languages

English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)

major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)

The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

French audio sample

Imports - partners

USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Literacy

total population: NA

male: NA

female: NA

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 17 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Elevation

highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

lowest point: Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m

mean elevation: 487 m

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Current health expenditure

11.2% of GDP (2022)

Military - note

the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are responsible for external security; the CAF’s core missions include detecting, deterring, and defending against threats to or attacks on Canada; the military also provides assistance to civil authorities and law enforcement as needed for such missions as counterterrorism, search and rescue, and responding to natural disasters or other major emergencies; it regularly participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of partners, including NATO (Canada is one of the original members) and the US; the CAF also contributes to international peacekeeping, stability, humanitarian, combat, and capacity building operations with the UN, NATO, and other security partners

Canada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada-US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a CAF officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD; Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continues to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the US

British troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the UK-US Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968 (2024)

Military and security service personnel strengths

the authorized target strength of the CAF Regular Force is 71,500 personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically produced equipment and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, and the US; in recent years, the leading supplier has been the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components (2024)

Military deployments

the CAF has approximately 1,000 military personnel forward deployed for NATO air, land, and sea missions in the European theater, including a ground task force in Latvia; it also contributes smaller numbers of air, ground, and naval forces to a variety of other NATO and international missions (2024)

note: in 2024, Canada announced plans to have a full 2,000-person brigade deployed to Latvia by 2026

Terrorist group(s)

Terrorist group(s): Hizballah; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 4.87 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 27.51 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 3.86 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 25,103,034 tons (2014 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 5,168,715 tons (2008 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 20.6% (2008 est.)

Average household expenditures

on food: 9.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 6.39 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 544.89 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 101.82 megatons (2020 est.)

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)

selected World Heritage Site locales: L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq km
note - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters

Major aquifers

Northern Great Plains Aquifer

Major rivers (by length in km)

Mackenzie - 4, 241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of America) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)
note - watersheds shared with the US shown with *

Coal

production: 50.687 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 20.092 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 35.447 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 7.03 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 6.582 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 18.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear: 13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 58.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Natural gas

production: 194.105 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption: 131.887 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports: 82.537 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 29.058 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 2.067 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 5.688 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 2.377 million bbl/day (2024 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.77 (2024 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

52.2% (2023 est.)

Remittances

0.04% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.04% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.04% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 17 (2025)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 12.71GW (2025 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 13.7% (2023 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 8 (2025)

Space program overview

has a substantial program, a national space strategy, and a long history of developing space-related technologies; designs, builds, operates, and tracks communications, remote sensing (RS), multi-mission, and scientific/testing satellites; has an astronaut program (train in the US); designs, builds, or contributes to a variety of other space-related programs, including space telescopes, planetary probes, sensors, and robotic systems (such as the Canadian-made robotic arms used on the US Space Shuttle and the International Space Station); participates in international space efforts and cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, Brazil, the European Space Agency (ESA)/EU (and their member states), India, and particularly the US; ESA Cooperating State since 1979; has a robust commercial space sector that is involved in satellite communications, optics, space exploration, navigation, and space science (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Space launch site(s)

Churchill Rocket Research Range (sounding rockets; Manitoba); constructing a private, commercial space launch site in Nova Scotia (2023)

Space agency/agencies

Canadian Space Agency (CSA; established 1989) (2024)

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 5

global geoparks and regional networks: Perce; Stonehammer; Tumbler Ridge; Cliffs of Fundy; Discovery (2023)

Ports

total ports: 284 (2024)

large: 4

medium: 14

small: 58

very small: 149

size unknown: 59

ports with oil terminals: 59

key ports: Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name: House of Commons

number of seats: 338 (all directly elected)

electoral system: plurality/majority

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 4 years

most recent election date: 9/20/2021

parties elected and seats per party: Liberal Party (160); Conservative Party (119); Bloc Québécois (BQ) (32); NDP-New Democratic Party (NDP) (25); Other (2)

percentage of women in chamber: 30.9%

expected date of next election: April 2025

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name: Senate

number of seats: 105 (all appointed)

scope of elections: Full renewal

most recent election date: 11/8/2020

parties elected and seats per party: National League for Democracy (NLD) (258); Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) (26); Other (31)

percentage of women in chamber: 54.3%

Labor force

22.137 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 10.6% (2023 est.)

male: 11.4% (2023 est.)

female: 9.8% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Net migration rate

5.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 42.6 years (2024 est.)

male: 41.4 years

female: 43.8 years

Maternal mortality ratio

11 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$117.551 billion (2023 est.)
$106.952 billion (2022 est.)
$106.615 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Public debt

62.23% of GDP (2023 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Total fertility rate

1.58 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.37% (2023 est.)
5.28% (2022 est.)
7.53% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Population

total: 38,794,813 (2024 est.)

male: 19,234,729

female: 19,560,084

Carbon dioxide emissions

585.853 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 32.486 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 294.196 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 259.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Area

total : 9,984,670 sq km

land: 9,093,507 sq km

water: 891,163 sq km

Taxes and other revenues

14.01% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.242 trillion (2023 est.)
$2.215 trillion (2022 est.)
$2.133 trillion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Airports

1,459 (2025)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 36.5 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 91 (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

31.7 (2019 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.88% (2023 est.)
6.8% (2022 est.)
3.4% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Current account balance

-$15.631 billion (2023 est.)
-$7.622 billion (2022 est.)
$256.504 million (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Real GDP per capita

$55,900 (2023 est.)
$56,900 (2022 est.)
$55,800 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 17 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 43 (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 13% (2020 est.)

male: 15.3% (2020 est.)

female: 10.7% (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

29.4% (2016)

Energy consumption per capita

311.599 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Death rate

8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Birth rate

10 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 161.988 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 555.683 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports: 49.444 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports: 21.77 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 31.784 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 716 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 78, oil tanker 15, other 600

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Imports

$724.713 billion (2023 est.)
$728.732 billion (2022 est.)
$626.558 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports

$714.904 billion (2023 est.)
$731.81 billion (2022 est.)
$626.676 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Heliports

506 (2025)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 10.897 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2023 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 84.2 years (2024 est.)

male: 81.9 years

female: 86.6 years

Real GDP growth rate

1.25% (2023 est.)
3.82% (2022 est.)
5.29% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Industrial production growth rate

-0.94% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 1.8% (2020 est.)

industry: 22.5% (2020 est.)

services: 69.6% (2020 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Revenue from forest resources

0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)

Education expenditures

5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Population growth rate

0.71% (2024 est.)

Sources: