Czechia - CZ - CZE - CZE - Europe

Last updated: April 23, 2025

Czechia Images

The town of Melnik lies some 35 km (22 mi) north of Prague at the confluence of the Labe and Vltava rivers in Czechia's agricultural region. The town's strategic location allows it to serve as one of the largest river ports in the country.
A view of Prague, Czechia, as seen from Castle Hill. The famous Charles Bridge over the Vltava (Moldau) River may be seen in the center of the image.
Constructed in 1410, the Prague Orloj is the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation. Attached to the town hall in Old Town Prague, Czechia, the clock shows four different times: Babylonian Time, Old Bohemian Time, Central European Time (CET), and Star Time. Babylonian Time, which divides the time between sunrise and sunset, is the earliest form of telling time that is shown on the clock. Old Bohemian Time was used in the Middle Ages, with a day that starts from sunset rather than midnight. Central European Time is the modern format, and Star Time (or Sidereal time) is used by astronomers, with a time scale based on the Earth's rate of rotation relative to fixed stars.
The bustling, pedestrian-friendly Charles Bridge in Prague, Czechia, as viewed from the tower on the Stare Mesto (Old Town) side of the structure. The bridge is 516 m (1,693 ft) long and almost 10 m (33 ft) wide, and it rests on 16 arches shielded by ice guards. Thirty statues of saints decorate the bridge avenue; most were erected between 1683 and 1714, but then replaced with replicas beginning in 1965. The originals are currently housed in the National Museum.
The Hradcany (Castle District) in Prague, Czechia. Its two most prominent features are St. Vitus Cathedral (upper right) and Prague Castle (the long white building, which is one of the largest castles in the world).
The Church of Our Lady before Tyn (also known as the Tyn Cathedral) overlooks Old Town Square in Prague, Czechia.
The Gothic Powder Tower in Prague, dating to 1475, is at the site of an 11th-century gate, one of the city's 13 medieval gates. Originally connected to the royal palace by a small bridge, it eventually lost its importance and by the 17th century was being used to store gunpowder.
The spa town of Karlovy Vary, situated in the mountainous region of western Bohemia, is the site of numerous hot springs and is the most visited spa town in Czechia. It forms the largest spa complex in Europe.
The town of Melnik lies some 35 km (22 mi) north of Prague at the confluence of the Labe and Vltava rivers in Czechia's agricultural region. The town's strategic location allows it to serve as one of the largest river ports in the country.
A view of Prague, Czechia, as seen from Castle Hill. The famous Charles Bridge over the Vltava (Moldau) River may be seen in the center of the image.

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Czechia Factbook Data

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Christy AGOR (since January 2025)

embassy: Trziste 15, 118 01 Praha 1 - Mala Strana

mailing address: 5630 Prague Place, Washington DC 20521-5630

telephone: [420] 257-022-000

FAX: [420] 257-022-809

email address and website:
ACSPrg@state.gov

https://cz.usembassy.gov/

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.7% (male 871,303/female 826,896)

15-64 years: 63.8% (male 3,542,298/female 3,373,127)

65 years and over: 20.5% (2024 est.) (male 922,136/female 1,302,130)

This is the population pyramid for Czechia. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.

Geographic coordinates

49 45 N, 15 30 E

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Natural hazards

flooding

Area - comparative

about two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than South Carolina

about two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than South Carolina

Military service age and obligation

18-28 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished 2004 (2024)

note: as of 2023, women comprised nearly 14% of the military's full-time personnel

Background

At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia, a parliamentarian democracy. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises Czechia, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence when the pro-Soviet Communist party staged a coup in February 1948. In 1968, an invasion by fellow Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The country formally added the short-form name Czechia in 2016, while also continuing to use the full form name, the Czech Republic.

Environment - current issues

air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; land pollution caused by industry, mining, and agriculture

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Military expenditures

2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
1.5% of GDP (2023)
1.3% of GDP (2022)
1.4% of GDP (2021)
1.3% of GDP (2020)

Population below poverty line

10.2% (2021 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.9% (2021 est.)

highest 10%: 22.2% (2021 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Exports - commodities

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, computers, plastic products (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Germany 29%, Slovakia 7%, Poland 6%, France 5%, UK 5% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Administrative divisions

13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital city* (hlavni mesto); Jihocesky (South Bohemia), Jihomoravsky (South Moravia), Karlovarsky (Karlovy Vary), Kralovehradecky (Hradec Kralove), Liberecky (Liberec), Moravskoslezsky (Moravia-Silesia), Olomoucky (Olomouc), Pardubicky (Pardubice), Plzensky (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesky (Central Bohemia), Ustecky (Usti), Vysocina (Highlands), Zlinsky (Zlin)

Agricultural products

wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, maize, triticale, pork, chicken (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Military and security forces

Czech Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Force, Special Forces (2025)

also has Cyber Command, Territorial Command, Operations Command, plus commands for Land Forces and Air Forces

Budget

revenues: $94.01 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $103.959 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Capital

name: Prague

geographic coordinates: 50 05 N, 14 28 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the name may derive from the old Slavic word "praga" or "prah," meaning "threshold;" it could also be related to the same Slavic root word as the modern Czech "pražiti," a term for woodland cleared by burning

Imports - commodities

broadcasting equipment, vehicle parts/accessories, cars, plastic products, computers (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Climate

temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Constitution

history: previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993

amendment process: passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament

Exchange rates

koruny (CZK) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
22.198 (2023 est.)
23.357 (2022 est.)
21.678 (2021 est.)
23.21 (2020 est.)
22.932 (2019 est.)

Executive branch

chief of state: President Petr PAVEL (since 9 March 2023)

head of government: Prime Minister Petr FIALA (since 17 December 2021)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); elections last held on 13 to 14 January 2023 with a second round held from 27 to 28 January 2023; next election to be by January 2028; prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term

election results:
2023: Petr PAVEL elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Petr PAVEL (independent) 35.4%, Andrej BABIS (ANO) 35%, Danuse NERUDOVA (Mayors and Independents) 13.9%, Pavel FISCHER (independent) 6.8%; percent of vote in the second round - Petr PAVEL 58.3%, Andrej BABIS 41.6%

2018: Milos ZEMAN reelected president in the second round; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 51.4%, Jiri DRAHOS (independent) 48.6%

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

note: combines the white and red colors of Bohemia with blue from the arms of Moravia; is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia

Roadways

total: 129,418 km (2022)

Illicit drugs

main country of origin of methamphetamine in European markets; manufacture of methamphetamine continues to be mostly based on pseudoephedrine from Poland or Turkey

Independence

1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia); note - although 1 January is the day the Czech Republic came into being, the Czechs commemorate 28 October 1918, the day the former Czechoslovakia declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as their independence day

Industries

motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments

Waterways

664 km (2010) (principally on Elbe, Vltava, Oder, and other navigable rivers, lakes, and canals)

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (organized into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Criminal Division each with a court chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 36 judges, including the court president and vice president, and organized into 6-, 7-, and 9-member chambers)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; unlimited terms

subordinate courts: High Court; regional and district courts

Land boundaries

total: 2,046 km

border countries (4): Austria 402 km; Germany 704 km; Poland 699 km; Slovakia 241 km

Land use

agricultural land: 45.7% (2022 est.)

arable land: 32.1% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 13% (2022 est.)

forest: 34.7% (2022 est.)

other: 19.5% (2022 est.)

Legal system

new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 - based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory - and reintroducing former Czech legal terminology

Legislative branch

legislature name: Parliament (Parlament)

legislative structure: bicameral

Literacy

definition: NA

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 99% (2011)

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

National holiday

Czechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)

Nationality

noun: Czech(s)

adjective: Czech

Natural resources

hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber, arable land

Geography - note

note 1: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe

note 2: the Hranice Abyss in Czechia is the world's deepest surveyed underwater cave at 404 m (1,325 ft); its survey is not complete, and it could end up being some 800-1,200 m deep

Economic overview

high-income, diversified EU economy; manufacturing-oriented exporter led by automotive industry; growth stalled by inflation and energy supply disruption; business-friendly regulatory frameworks; tight labor market with low unemployment; seeking reforms to support decarbonization and improve energy efficiency

Pipelines

7,160 km gas, 675 km oil, 94 km refined products (2016)

Political parties

Action of Dissatisfied Citizens or ANO (Akce nespokojených občanů)
Christian and Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-ČSL
Civic Democratic Party or ODS
Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSČM
Czech Pirate Party or Piráti
ForMOST or ProMOST
Freedom and Direct Democracy or SPD
Independents or NEZ
Mayors and Independents or STAN
Mayors for the Liberec Region or SLK
Ostravak
Přísaha
Senator 21 or SEN 21
Social Democracy SOCDEM
Svobodni
Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09
Tábor 2020 or T2020
United Democrats - Association of Independents or SD-SN

Railways

total: 9,548 km (2020) 3,242 km electrified

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Telecommunication systems

general assessment:

telcos in the Czech Republic have become multi-service providers, offering a full range of fixed and mobile services; this has enabled the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) to expand the reach of their 5G networks while they have been closing down 3G networks and repurposing the internet for 5G and long-term evolution (LTE) use

(2024)

domestic: roughly 12 fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants and mobile telephone usage of 128 per 100 inhabitants (2022)

international: country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 6 (2 Intersputnik - Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions, 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar) (2019)

Terrain

Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country

Government type

parliamentary republic

Country name

conventional long form: Czech Republic

conventional short form: Czechia

local long form: Ceska republika

local short form: Cesko

etymology: name derives from the Czechs, a West Slavic tribe who rose to prominence in the late 9th century A.D.; the tribal name is said to come from an ancestral chief

Location

Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria

Map references

Europe

Irrigated land

220 sq km (2022)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Miloslav STAŠEK (since 16 September 2022)

chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008-3803

telephone: [1] (202) 274-9100

FAX: [1] (202) 966-8540

email address and website:
washington@embassy.mzv.cz

https://www.mzv.cz/washington/

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Internet users

percent of population: 86% (2023 est.)

Internet country code

.cz

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 381,400 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)

stateless persons: 1,625 (2022)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$343.208 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: AA- (2018)

Moody's rating: Aa3 (2019)

Standard & Poors rating: AA- (2011)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Total renewable water resources

13.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Urbanization

urban population: 74.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Broadcast media

22 TV stations operate nationally, with 17 of them in private hands; publicly operated Czech Television has 5 national channels; throughout the country, there are some 350 TV channels in operation, many through cable, satellite, and IPTV subscription services; 63 radio broadcasters are registered, operating over 80 radio stations, including 7 multiregional radio stations or networks; publicly operated broadcaster Czech Radio operates 4 national, 14 regional, and 4 Internet stations; both Czech Radio and Czech Television are partially financed through a license fee (2019)

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: 99.9% of population

rural: 99.8% of population

total: 99.9% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0.1% of population

rural: 0.2% of population

total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

National anthem

name: "Kde domov muj?" (Where is My Home?)

lyrics/music: Josef Kajetan TYL/Frantisek Jan SKROUP

note: adopted 1993; the anthem was originally written as incidental music to the play "Fidlovacka" (1834), it soon became very popular as an unofficial anthem of the Czech nation; its first verse served as the official Czechoslovak anthem beginning in 1918, while the second verse (Slovak) was dropped after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993

This is an audio of the National Anthem for Czechia. The national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition - usually in the form of a song or hymn of praise - that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, or struggles of a nation or its people. National anthems can be officially recognized as a national song by a country's constitution or by an enacted law, or simply by tradition. Although most anthems contain lyrics, some do not.

Major urban areas - population

1.323 million PRAGUE (capital) (2023)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Physician density

4.35 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density

6.6 beds/1,000 population (2018)

National symbol(s)

silver (or white), double-tailed, rampant lion; national colors: white, red, blue

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.5 years (2020 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 44% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 19.7% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 27.3% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.7% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 69% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -64% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 57.4

youth dependency ratio: 25.2

elderly dependency ratio: 32.2

potential support ratio: 3.1 (2021 est.)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Czechia

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 4 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 48

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 5,727,200 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 25.23 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Czech 57.3%, Moravian 3.4%, other 7.7%, unspecified 31.6% (2021 est.)

note: includes only persons with one ethnicity

Religions

Roman Catholic 7%, other believers belonging to a church or religious society 6% (includes Evangelical United Brethren Church and Czechoslovak Hussite Church), believers unaffiliated with a religious society 9.1%, none 47.8%, unspecified 30.1% (2021 est.)

Languages

Czech (official) 88.4%, Slovak 1.5%, other 2.6%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)

major-language sample(s):
World Factbook, nepostradatelný zdroj základních informací. (Czech)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note: includes only persons with one mother tongue

Czech audio sample

Imports - partners

Germany 22%, China 17%, Poland 8%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 4% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Elevation

highest point: Snezka 1,602 m

lowest point: Labe (Elbe) River 115 m

mean elevation: 433 m

Current health expenditure

9.5% of GDP (2021)

Military - note

the Czech military is responsible for national and territorial defense, assisting civil authorities during natural disasters or other emergencies, boosting border security alongside the police, participating in international peacekeeping operations, and supporting its collective security commitments to the EU and NATO, both of which Czechia considers pillars of its national security strategy; Czechia is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, contributes to UN peacekeeping operations, and actively participates in EU military and security missions under the EU Common Security and Defense Policy; the Czech military has been an active member of NATO since the country joined in 2009 and participates in a variety of NATO’s collective defense missions, including contributing to the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, Baltic Air Policing operations, rapid response forces, and operations in Kosovo; it also exercises regularly with NATO partners and maintains close bilateral ties to a number of militaries particularly partner members of the Visegrad Group (Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) and Germany

the military has commands for its land, air, cyber/information operations, and territorial forces, as well as a joint operations command and a separate special forces directorate; the Territorial Command is responsible for the active reserves and regional military commands that align with each of Czechia’s 13 regions and the capital, Prague (2025)

Military deployments

up to 130 Lithuania (NATO); 130 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Czech military has a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more recently acquired modern weapons and equipment from such suppliers as Austria, Germany, Sweden, and the US; its domestic defense industry has produced such items as armored combat vehicles and light attack aircraft; during the Cold War, Czechoslovakia was a major producer of tanks, armored personnel carriers, military trucks, and trainer aircraft (2024)

note: in 2019, Czechia announced a modernization plan to acquire more Western equipment that was compliant with NATO standards, including armored vehicles, fighter aircraft, and helicopters

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 29,000 active-duty personnel (23,000 Army; 6,000 Air Force) (2024)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 630 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 700 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 40 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 3.337 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 850,935 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.5% (2015 est.)

Average household expenditures

on food: 15.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 7.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 14.34 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 102.22 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 13.11 megatons (2020 est.)

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Labe (Elbe) river source (shared with Germany [m]) - 1,252 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 17 (16 cultural, 1 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Prague (c); Historic Telč (c); Historic Český Krumlov (c); Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (c); Historic Kutná Hora (c); Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc (c); Karlovy Vary Spa (c); Zatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops; Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops (n)

Coal

production: 31.946 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 33.239 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 2.128 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 4.09 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 3.595 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 45.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear: 40.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste: 7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Natural gas

production: 163.333 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption: 6.499 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 6.812 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 3.964 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 4,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 219,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 15 million barrels (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.85 (2024 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

48.4% (2023 est.)

Remittances

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.38% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.51% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 6 (2025)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 3.96GW (2025 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 40% (2023 est.)

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 1

global geoparks and regional networks: Bohemian Paradise (2023)

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecka Snemovna)

number of seats: 200 (all directly elected)

electoral system: proportional representation

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 4 years

most recent election date: 10/8/2021 to 10/9/2021

parties elected and seats per party: ANO (72); SPOLU (71); Pirate Party (Pirati) - Mayors and independents (STAN) (37); Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) (20)

percentage of women in chamber: 25.5%

expected date of next election: October 2025

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name: Senate (Senat)

number of seats: 81 (all directly elected)

electoral system: plurality/majority

scope of elections: partial renewal

term in office: 6 years

most recent election date: 9/20/2024 to 9/28/2024

parties elected and seats per party: Civic Democratic Party (ODS) (8); Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU - CSL) (7); TOP 09 (3); ANO 2011 (3); Independents (2); Other (4)

percentage of women in chamber: 21.3%

expected date of next election: September 2026

Labor force

5.505 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 8.3% (2023 est.)

male: 7.8% (2023 est.)

female: 9% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Net migration rate

2.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 44.2 years (2024 est.)

male: 42.7 years

female: 45.7 years

Debt - external

(2019)

Maternal mortality ratio

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$148.379 billion (2023 est.)
$139.981 billion (2022 est.)
$173.618 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Public debt

34.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.73 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate

2.59% (2023 est.)
2.22% (2022 est.)
2.8% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Population

total: 10,837,890 (2024 est.)

male: 5,335,737

female: 5,502,153

Carbon dioxide emissions

79.901 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 41.667 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 25.707 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 12.527 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Area

total : 78,867 sq km

land: 77,247 sq km

water: 1,620 sq km

Taxes and other revenues

12.64% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$539.737 billion (2023 est.)
$540.198 billion (2022 est.)
$525.243 billion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Airports

252 (2025)

Infant mortality rate

total: 2.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 2.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 13.6 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 128 (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

26.2 (2021 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

10.66% (2023 est.)
15.1% (2022 est.)
3.84% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Current account balance

$1.035 billion (2023 est.)
-$13.644 billion (2022 est.)
-$5.954 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Real GDP per capita

$49,700 (2023 est.)
$50,600 (2022 est.)
$50,000 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 4.1 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 30.7% (2020 est.)

male: 35% (2020 est.)

female: 26.4% (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

26% (2016)

Energy consumption per capita

136.306 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Death rate

12 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Birth rate

9.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 21.802 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 63.628 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports: 22.648 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports: 13.465 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 3.012 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Imports

$219.393 billion (2023 est.)
$216.042 billion (2022 est.)
$194.402 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports

$236.688 billion (2023 est.)
$219.419 billion (2022 est.)
$205.163 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Heliports

107 (2025)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 1.197 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 12.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 6.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 2.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 78.6 years (2024 est.)

male: 75.6 years

female: 81.8 years

Real GDP growth rate

-0.09% (2023 est.)
2.85% (2022 est.)
3.55% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Industrial production growth rate

-1.94% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 1.7% (2023 est.)

industry: 30.4% (2023 est.)

services: 59.7% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Revenue from forest resources

0.17% of GDP (2017 est.)

Revenue from coal

0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)

Education expenditures

5.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Population growth rate

0.04% (2024 est.)

Sources: