Sri Lanka - LK - LKA - SRI - South Asia

chief of mission: Ambassador Julie J. CHUNG (since 17 February 2022)

embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 03

mailing address: 6100 Colombo Place, Washington DC  20521-6100

telephone: [94] (11) 249-8500

FAX: [94] (11) 243-7345

email address and website:
colomboacs@state.gov

https://lk.usembassy.gov/

0-14 years: 22.6% (male 2,537,918/female 2,423,615)

15-64 years: 65% (male 6,954,869/female 7,336,897)

65 years and over: 12.4% (2024 est.) (male 1,149,256/female 1,580,053)

7 00 N, 81 00 E

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

occasional cyclones and tornadoes

slightly larger than West Virginia

18-22 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2023)

The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced circa 250 B.C., and the first kingdoms developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (from about 200 B.C. to about A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about A.D. 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a South Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the island in the 16th century, followed by the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; the name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Prevailing tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. Fighting between the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) continued for over a quarter-century. Although Norway brokered peace negotiations that led to a cease-fire in 2002, the fighting slowly resumed and was again in full force by 2006. The government defeated the LTTE in 2009.

During the post-conflict years under then-President Mahinda RAJAPAKSA, the government initiated infrastructure development projects, many of which were financed by loans from China. His regime faced allegations of human rights violations and a shrinking democratic space for civil society.  In 2015, a new coalition government headed by President Maithripala SIRISENA of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMESINGHE of the United National Party came to power with pledges to advance economic, political, and judicial reforms. However, implementation of these reforms was uneven. In 2019, Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA won the presidential election and appointed his brother Mahinda prime minister. Civil society raised concerns about the RAJAPAKSA administration’s commitment to pursuing justice, human rights, and accountability reforms, as well as the risks to foreign creditors that Sri Lanka faced given its ongoing economic crisis. A combination of factors including the COVID-19 pandemic; severe shortages of food, medicine, and fuel; and power outages triggered increasingly violent protests in Columbo beginning in 2022. In response, WICKREMESINGHE -- who had already served as prime minister five times -- was named to replace the prime minister, but he became president within a few months when Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA fled the country. 

deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; coral reef destruction; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Marine Life Conservation

1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
2% of GDP (2020 est.)
2% of GDP (2019 est.)

14.3% (2019 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

lowest 10%: 3.1% (2019 est.)

highest 10%: 30.8% (2019 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

garments, tea, precious stones, used rubber tires, rubber products (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

USA 22%, India 7%, Germany 7%, UK 7%, Italy 5% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

9 provinces; Central, Eastern, North Central, Northern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western

rice, coconuts, tea, sugarcane, plantains, milk, fiber crops, cassava, chicken, pumpkins/squash (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Sri Lanka Armed Forces: Sri Lanka Army (includes National Guard and the Volunteer Force), Sri Lanka Navy (includes Marine Corps), Sri Lanka Air Force, Sri Lanka Coast Guard; Civil Security Department (Home Guard)

Ministry of Public Security: Sri Lanka Police (2025)

note: the Civil Security Department, also known as the Civil Defense Force, is an auxiliary force administered by the Ministry of Defense

revenues: $7.365 billion (2021 est.)

expenditures: $15.477 billion (2021 est.)

note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

name: Colombo (commercial capital); Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital)

geographic coordinates: 6 55 N, 79 50 E

time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the origin of Colombo's name is unclear; it may derive from the Sinhalese words kola (leaves) and amba (mango), referring to local mango trees, or from the name Kelantotta, referring to a ferry that crossed the Kelani River; the name was corrupted to Kolambu by Arab traders, and 16th-century Portuguese settlers then called it Colombo, possibly referring to explorer Christopher COLUMBUS; the legislative capital's name, Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, is composed of the Sanskrit honorific sri, the name of Sri Lankan President J.R. JAYEWARDENE, and the Hindi word pura (town)

refined petroleum, fabric, crude petroleum, packaged medicine, cotton fabric (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)

1,340 km

history: several previous; latest adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978

amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of its total membership, certification by the president of the republic or the Parliament speaker, and in some cases approval in a referendum by absolute majority of valid votes

Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
327.507 (2023 est.)
322.633 (2022 est.)
198.764 (2021 est.)
185.593 (2020 est.)
178.745 (2019 est.)

chief of state: President Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE (since 23 September 2024)

head of government: Prime Minister Harini AMARASURIYA (since 24 September 2024)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister

elections/appointments: president directly elected by preferential majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 September 2024 (next to be held in 2029); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
2024: Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE elected president; percent of vote after reallocation - Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE (JVP) 55.9%, Sajith PREMADASA (SJB) 44.1%

2022: Ranil WICKREMESINGHE elected president by Parliament on 20 July 2022; Parliament vote - WICKREMESINGHE (UNP) 134, Dullas ALAHAPPERUMA (SLPP) 82

 

yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a maroon rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels; the lion represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the strength of the nation, and bravery; the sword demonstrates the sovereignty of the nation; the four bo leaves - symbolizing Buddhism and its influence on the country - stand for the four virtues of kindness, friendliness, happiness, and equanimity; orange signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green Sri Lankan Moors, and maroon the Sinhalese majority; yellow denotes other ethnic groups; also referred to as the Lion Flag

4 February 1948 (from the UK)

processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; tourism; clothing and textiles; mining

highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of the chief justice and 9 justices); has exclusive jurisdiction to review legislation

judge selection and term of office: chief justice nominated by the Constitutional Council (CC), a 9-member high-level advisory body, and appointed by the president; other justices nominated by the CC and appointed by the president on the advice of the chief justice; all justices can serve until age 65

subordinate courts: Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrates' Courts; municipal and primary courts

total: 0 km

agricultural land: 45.5% (2022 est.)

arable land: 22.2% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 16.2% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 7.1% (2022 est.)

forest: 34.1% (2022 est.)

other: 20.5% (2022 est.)

mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, Jaffna Tamil customary law, and Muslim personal law

legislature name: Parliament

legislative structure: unicameral

number of seats: 225 (196 directly elected; 29 indirectly elected)

electoral system: proportional representation

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 11/14/2024

parties elected and seats per party: National People's Power (Jathika Jana Balawegaya, NPP) (159); Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB) (40); Other (26)

percentage of women in chamber: 9.8%

expected date of next election: November 2029

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 92.3%

male: 93%

female: 91.6% (2019)

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

ABEDA, ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CICA (observer), CP, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence Day (National Day), 4 February (1948)

noun: Sri Lankan(s)

adjective: Sri Lankan

limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower, arable land

strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes; Adam's Bridge is a chain of limestone shoals between the southeastern coast of India and the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka; geological evidence suggests that this 50-km long Bridge once connected India and Sri Lanka; ancient records seem to indicate that a foot passage was possible between the two land masses until the 15th century when the land bridge broke up in a cyclone

economic contraction in 2022-23 marked by increased poverty and significant inflation; IMF two-year debt relief program following 2022 sovereign default; structural challenges from non-diversified economy and rigid labor laws; heavy dependence on tourism receipts and remittances

Crusaders for Democracy or CFD
Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP
Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front or EPRLF
Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi or ITAK
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP
Jathika Hela Urumaya or JHU
National People's Power or NPP (also known as Jathika Jana Balawegaya or JJB)
People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE
Samagi Jana Balawegaya or SJB
Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP
Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC
Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance or SLPFA (includes SLPFP, SLPP, and several smaller parties)
Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (Sri Lanka's People's Front) or SLPP
Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO
Tamil National Alliance or TNA (includes ITAK, PLOTE, TELO)
Tamil National People's Front or TNPF
Tamil People's National Alliance or TPNA
United National Front for Good Governance or UNFGG (coalition includes JHU, UNP)
United National Party or UNP

total: 1,562 km (2016)

broad gauge: 1,562 km (2016) 1.676-m gauge

18 years of age; universal

general assessment: Sri Lanka’s fixed-line telephony market was one of the very few in the world to experience a significant upsurge in subscriptions in 2020; while the country suffers from a relatively poor fixed-line infrastructure and a correspondingly strong mobile sector, demand for traditional phone services increased 14% in 2020; preliminary results suggest a further jump of up to 13% can also be expected in 2021; this will take Sri Lanka’s fixed-line penetration to levels not seen since 2013; the most reason behind the market’s reversal of fortunes is the Covid-19 crisis and Sri Lanka’s ensuring lock downs; these forced much of the population back inside and reverting to ‘traditional’ methods of communication for both voice and data services; the fixed broadband market was equally robust, growing 20% in 2020 alone; Sri Lanka possesses a relatively low number of computers per household so the fixed broadband market’s success comes off a small base; the one area of the telecommunications market that experienced a fall was the mobile segment; up until the start of the pandemic, Sri Lanka had a very high mobile penetration rate of 155%; this near-saturation level reflected the preponderance for subscribers to carry multiple SIM cards to take advantage of cheaper on-net call rates; the reduction in demand and traffic because of the pandemic led to a sharp drop in the number of active subscriptions, down to just 135% – a 17% decline in just one year; the market is expected to bounce back quickly, as soon as the country eases back on its lock down measures and reduces travel restrictions; it will also be boosted, come 2022, by the anticipated launch of commercial 5G mobile services (2021)

domestic: fixed-line is 12 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 143 per 100 (2022)

international: country code - 94; landing points for the SeaMeWe -3,-5,  Dhiraagu-SLT Submarine Cable Network, WARF Submarine Cable, Bharat Lanka Cable System and the Bay of Bengal Gateway submarine cables providing connectivity to Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)

mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior

presidential republic

conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

conventional short form: Sri Lanka

local long form: Shri Lanka Prajatantrika Samajavadi Janarajaya (Sinhala)/ Ilankai Jananayaka Choshalichak Kutiyarachu (Tamil)

local short form: Shri Lanka (Sinhala)/ Ilankai (Tamil)

former: Serendib, Ceylon

etymology: the name is composed of the Sanskrit words shri (happiness or holiness) and lanka (island); the former name Serendib was an Arabic derivation of the Sanskrit word simhaladvipa, or "island of the place of lions;" the former name Ceylon came from the Sanskrit simha, or "lion"

Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India

Asia

5,700 sq km (2012)

chief of mission: Ambassador Mahinda SAMARASINGHE (since 13 January 2022)

chancery: 3025 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025

FAX: [1] 202-232-2329

email address and website:
slemb.washington@mfa.gov.lk

https://slembassyusa.org/new/

consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

consulate(s): New York

percent of population: 50% (2022 est.)

.lk

IDPs: 12,000 (civil war; more than half displaced prior to 2008; many of the more than 480,000 IDPs registered as returnees have not reached durable solutions) (2022)

stateless persons: 35 (2022)

$84.357 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Fitch rating: CCC (2020)

Moody's rating: Caa1 (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: CCC+ (2020)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

52.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 14 years (2018)

urban population: 19.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

government operates 5 TV channels and 19 radio channels; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services available; 25 private TV stations and about 43 radio stations; 6 non-profit TV stations and 4 radio stations

improved:

urban: 99.7% of population

rural: 91.2% of population

total: 92.8% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0.3% of population

rural: 8.8% of population

total: 7.2% of population (2020 est.)

name: "Sri Lanka Matha" (Mother Sri Lanka)

lyrics/music: Ananda SAMARKONE

note: adopted 1951

103,000 Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital) (2018), 633,000 COLOMBO (capital) (2023)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

1.14 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

4.2 beds/1,000 population (2017)

lion, water lily; national colors: maroon, yellow

25.6 years (2016 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 30-34

64.6% (2016)

household consumption: 69.3% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 6.9% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 17.6% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 7.9% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 20.5% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -22.2% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

total dependency ratio: 53.8 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 34.7 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 19.1 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 5.2 (2024 est.)

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Sri Lanka

dual citizenship recognized: no, except in cases where the government rules it is to the benefit of Sri Lanka

residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

the population is primarily concentrated within a broad wet zone in the southwest, urban centers along the eastern coast, and on the Jaffna Peninsula in the north

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

4R

improved:

urban: 96.6% of population

rural: 97.9% of population

total: 97.6% of population

unimproved:

urban: 3.4% of population

rural: 2.1% of population

total: 2.4% of population (2020 est.)

Sinhalese 74.9%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.2%, Sri Lankan Moors 9.2%, Indian Tamil 4.2%, other 0.5% (2012 est.)

Buddhist (official) 70.2%, Hindu 12.6%, Muslim 9.7%, Roman Catholic 6.1%, other Christian 1.3%, other 0.05% (2012 est.)

Sinhala (official) 87%, Tamil (official) 28.5%, English 23.8% (2012 est.)

note: data represent main languages spoken by the population aged 10 years and older; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; English is commonly used in government and is referred to as the "link language" in the constitution

India 21%, China 19%, UAE 10%, Singapore 5%, Malaysia 4% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

mean elevation: 228 m

4.1% of GDP (2021)

the military of Sri Lanka is responsible for external defense and may be called upon to handle specifically delineated domestic security responsibilities that generally do not include arrest authority; it has sent small numbers of personnel on UN peacekeeping missions; from 1983 to 2009, the military fought against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a conflict that involved both guerrilla and conventional warfare, as well as acts of terrorism and human rights abuses, and cost the military nearly 30,000 killed; since the end of the war, a large portion of the Army reportedly remains deployed in the majority Tamil-populated northern and eastern provinces; the military over the past decade also has increased its role in a range of commercial sectors including agriculture, hotels, leisure, and restaurants 

Sri Lanka traditionally has had close security ties to India; India participated in the LTTE war in 1987-1991, losing over 1,000 soldiers; the Sri Lankan and Indian militaries continue to conduct exercises together, and India trains over 1,000 Sri Lankan soldiers per year; in recent years, Sri Lanka has increased military ties with China, including acquiring military equipment, hosting naval port calls, and sending personnel to China for training (2024)

approximately 260,000 total personnel (200,000 Army; 30,000 Navy; 30,000 Air Force); approximately 11,000 Special Task Force personnel (2023)

note: in January 2023, Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Defense announced plans to decrease the size of the Army to 135,000 by 2024 and 100,000 by 2030

the military's inventory consists mostly of Chinese- and Russian-origin equipment with a smaller mix of material from countries such as India and the US, including donations; defense acquisitions have been limited over the past decade (2024)

110 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 125 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 240 Mali (MINUSMA) (2024)

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

municipal: 810 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 830 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 11.31 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 2,631,650 tons (2016 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 336,588 tons (2016 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 12.8% (2016 est.)

on food: 27.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 3.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

particulate matter emissions: 23.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 23.36 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 10.95 megatons (2020 est.)

total World Heritage Sites: 8 (6 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Ancient City of Polonnaruwa (c); Ancient City of Sigiriya (c); Sacred City of Anuradhapura (c); Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications (c); Sacred City of Kandy (c); Sinharaja Forest Reserve (n); Rangiri Dambulla Cave Temple (c); Central Highlands of Sri Lanka (n)

women married by age 15: 0.9%

women married by age 18: 9.8% (2016 est.)

widespread lack of access: due to serious macroeconomic challenges, significant reduction in 2022 cereal output, and high food prices - severe macroeconomic challenges, mostly reflecting dwindling foreign currency reserves after revenues from merchandise exports, remittances, and from the tourist sector declined dramatically over the last year, have had a negative impact on the country’s capacity to import cereals; the 2022 cereal production sharply declined due to a government ordered reduction in the application of chemical fertilizers; unprecedentedly high food prices are constraining economic access to food for a majority of households

consumption: 2.323 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 2.238 million metric tons (2023 est.)

fossil fuels: 49.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 4.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 4.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 40.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 100,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

1.04 (2024 est.)

65.1% (2023 est.)

7.14% of GDP (2023 est.)
5.15% of GDP (2022 est.)
6.23% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

total ports: 6 (2024)

large: 0

medium: 2

small: 1

very small: 1

size unknown: 2

ports with oil terminals: 2

key ports: Batticaloa Roads, Colombo, Galle Harbor, Hambantota, Kankesanturai, Trincomalee Harbor

8.713 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total: 25.3% (2023 est.)

male: 20.9% (2023 est.)

female: 33.9% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

-3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

total: 34.1 years (2024 est.)

male: 32.2 years

female: 35.8 years

$43.52 billion (2023 est.)

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

29 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

$3.137 billion (2021 est.)
$5.664 billion (2020 est.)
$7.648 billion (2019 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

79.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

2.13 children born/woman (2024 est.)

6.36% (2023 est.)
6.33% (2022 est.)
5.26% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 21,982,608 (2024 est.)

male: 10,642,043

female: 11,340,565

19.153 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 5.15 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 14.003 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total : 65,610 sq km

land: 64,630 sq km

water: 980 sq km

9.85% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

$287.132 billion (2023 est.)
$293.885 billion (2022 est.)
$317.188 billion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

18 (2025)

total: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 7.5 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births

total subscriptions: 30 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 143 (2022 est.)

37.7 (2019 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

16.54% (2023 est.)
49.72% (2022 est.)
7.01% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

$1.559 billion (2023 est.)
-$1.448 billion (2022 est.)
-$3.284 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$13,000 (2023 est.)
$13,200 (2022 est.)
$14,300 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

total: 2.01 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2023 est.)

total: 22% (2020 est.)

male: 41.4% (2020 est.)

female: 2.6% (2020 est.)

5.2% (2016)

12.372 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

14.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

installed generating capacity: 5.326 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 15.763 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 1.457 billion kWh (2023 est.)

total: 96 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 5, general cargo 15, oil tanker 11, other 65

20.5% (2016)

$18.823 billion (2023 est.)
$19.244 billion (2022 est.)
$21.526 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

$17.327 billion (2023 est.)
$16.169 billion (2022 est.)
$14.974 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

1 (2025)

total subscriptions: 1.707 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2023 est.)

total: 2.58 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 2.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total population: 76.8 years (2024 est.)

male: 73.7 years

female: 79.9 years

-2.3% (2023 est.)
-7.35% (2022 est.)
4.21% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

-9.23% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

agriculture: 8.3% (2023 est.)

industry: 25.6% (2023 est.)

services: 59.9% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

1.9% of GDP (2019 est.)

0.39% (2024 est.)