Myanmar - MM - MMR - MYA - East and Southeast Asia

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Susan STEVENSON (since 10 July 2023)

embassy: 110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon

mailing address: 4250 Rangoon Place, Washington DC  20521-4250

telephone: [95] (1) 753-6509

FAX: [95] (1) 751-1069

email address and website:
ACSRangoon@state.gov

https://mm.usembassy.gov/

0-14 years: 24.4% (male 7,197,177/female 6,843,879)

15-64 years: 68.5% (male 19,420,361/female 19,998,625)

65 years and over: 7.1% (2024 est.) (male 1,770,293/female 2,296,804)

22 00 N, 98 00 E

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

slightly smaller than Texas

18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary and conscripted military service; 24-month service obligation; conscripted professional men (ages 18-45) and women (ages 18-35), including doctors, engineers, and mechanics, serve up to 36 months; service terms may be extended to 60 months in an officially declared emergency (2024)

note: in February 2024, the military government announced that the People’s Military Service Law requiring mandatory military service would go into effect; the Service Law was first introduced in 2010 but had not previously been enforced; the military government also said that it intended to call up about 60,000 men and women annually for mandatory service; during the ongoing insurgency, the military has recruited men 18-60 to serve in local militias

deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease; rapid depletion of the country's natural resources

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

3.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
3.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
3.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
3% of GDP (2020 est.)
4.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

24.8% (2017 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

lowest 10%: 3.8% (2017 est.)

highest 10%: 25.5% (2017 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

garments, natural gas, dried legumes, rare-earth metal compounds, precious stones (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

China 32%, Thailand 16%, Japan 7%, Germany 6%, India 5% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

7 regions (taing-myar, singular - taing), 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne), 1 union territory

regions: Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy), Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, Yangon (Rangoon)

states: Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Shan

union territory: Nay Pyi Taw

rice, sugarcane, vegetables, beans, maize, groundnuts, plantains, fruits, coconuts, onions (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Burmese Defense Service (aka Armed Forces of Burma, Myanmar Army, Royal Armed Forces, the Tatmadaw, or the Sit-Tat): Army (Tatmadaw Kyi), Navy (Tatmadaw Yay), Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay); People’s Militia

Ministry of Home Affairs: Burma (People's) Police Force, Border Guard Forces/Police (2024)

note:  under the 2008 constitution, the Tatmadaw was given control over the appointments of senior officials to lead the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Border Affairs, and the Ministry of Home Affairs; in 2022, a new law gave the commander-in-chief of the Tatmadaw the authority to appoint or remove the head of the police force 

revenues: $10.945 billion (2019 est.)

expenditures: $10.22 billion (2019 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

name: Rangoon (aka Yangon, continues to be recognized as the primary Burmese capital by the US Government); Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital

geographic coordinates: 16 48 N, 96 10 E

time difference: UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: Rangoon/Yangon derives from the Burmese words yan and koun, commonly translated as "end of strife"; Nay Pyi Taw translates as "abode of kings"

refined petroleum, synthetic fabric, fertilizers, crude petroleum, fabric (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

1,930 km

history: previous 1947, 1974 (suspended until 2008); latest drafted 9 April 2008, approved by referendum 29 May 2008

amendment process: proposals require at least 20% approval by the Assembly of the Union membership; passage of amendments to sections of the constitution on basic principles, government structure, branches of government, state emergencies, and amendment procedures requires 75% approval by the Assembly and approval in a referendum by absolute majority of registered voters; passage of amendments to other sections requires only 75% Assembly approval; military granted 25% of parliamentary seats by default

kyats (MMK) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
2,100 (2023 est.)
1,932.543 (2022 est.)
1,615.367 (2021 est.)
1,381.619 (2020 est.)
1,518.255 (2019 est.)

chief of state: Prime Minister, State Administration Council Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021)

head of government: Prime Minister, State Administration Council Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021)

cabinet: Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief; note - on 2 February 2021, the military leadership replaced the Cabinet with the State Administrative Council (SAC), which is the official name of the military government in Burma

elections/appointments: prior to the military takeover in 2021, president was indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the full Assembly of the Union from among 3 vice-presidential candidates nominated by the Presidential Electoral College (consists of members of the lower and upper houses and military members); the other 2 candidates become vice presidents (president elected for a 5-year term); general election last held on 8 November 2020; the military junta has pledged to hold new general elections but has repeatedly announced delays

election results:
2020:  the National League for Democracy (NLD) won 396 seats across both houses, well above the 322 required for a parliamentary majority, which would have ensured that its preferred candidates would be elected president and second vice president in the Presidential Electoral College; however, on 1 February 2021 the military claimed the results of the election were illegitimate and launched a coup d'état that deposed State Counsellor AUNG SAN SUU KYI and President WIN MYINT of the NLD, causing military-affiliated Vice President MYINT SWE (USDP) to become Acting President; MYINT SWE subsequently handed power to coup leader MIN AUNG HLAING; WIN MYINT and other key leaders of the ruling NLD party were placed under arrest following the military takeover

2018: WIN MYINT elected president in an indirect by-election held on 28 March 2018 after the resignation of HTIN KYAW; Assembly of the Union vote for president - WIN MYINT (NLD) 403, MYINT SWE (USDP) 211, HENRY VAN THIO (NLD) 18, 4 votes canceled (636 votes cast)

state counsellor: State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI (since 6 April 2016); note - under arrest since 1 February 2021; formerly served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister for the Office of the President

note 1: the military took over the government on 1 February 2021 and declared a state of emergency

note 2: prior to the military takeover, the a state counsellor served the equivalent term of the president and was similar to a prime minister in that the holder acted as a link between the parliament and the executive branch

design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation

total: 157,000 km (2013)

paved: 57,840 km (2017)

unpaved: 99,160 km (2017)

source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics; narcotics produced in Burma trafficked throughout the region, with routes extending beyond Southeast Asia to Australia, New Zealand, and Japan; largest opium poppy cultivator  globally with an estimated 47,100 hectares grown in 2023; not a major source or transit country for drugs entering the United States; domestic consumption of synthetic drug cocktails such as Yaba, “Happy Water,” and “Wei Tiong” (mixtures of drugs including caffeine, methamphetamine, tramadol, and MDMA) popular among the younger population and domestic drug consumption  substantial and widespread. (2021)

4 January 1948 (from the UK)

agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments; jade and gems

12,800 km (2011)

highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Union (consists of the chief justice and 7-11 judges)

judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges nominated by the president, with approval of the Lower House, and appointed by the president; judges normally serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts: High Courts of the Region; High Courts of the State; Court of the Self-Administered Division; Court of the Self-Administered Zone; district and township courts; special courts (for juvenile, municipal, and traffic offenses); courts martial

total: 6,522 km

border countries (5): Bangladesh 271 km; China 2,129 km; India 1,468 km; Laos 238 km; Thailand 2,416 km

agricultural land: 19.9% (2022 est.)

arable land: 16.8% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 0.7% (2022 est.)

forest: 42.8% (2022 est.)

other: 37.3% (2022 est.)

mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law

legislature name: Assembly of the Union (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw)

legislative structure: bicameral

note 1: the Assembly of the Union was dissolved on 1 February 2021 after a military coup led by Sr. General MIN AUNG HLAING; it was replaced by the State Administration Council

note 2: the military junta overturned the results of the 8 November legislative elections

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 89.1%

male: 92.4%

female: 86.3% (2019)

note: most public schools were closed immediately after the coup in 2021, and attendance has remained low since schools reopened; literacy is expected to decline from 2019 to 2023

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

ADB, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)

noun: Burmese (singular and plural)

adjective: Burmese

petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower, arable land

strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes; the north-south flowing Irrawaddy River is the country's largest and most important commercial waterway

prior to COVID-19 and the February 2021 military coup, massive declines in poverty, rapid economic growth, and improving social welfare; underdevelopment, climate change, and unequal investment threaten progress and sustainability planning; since coup, foreign assistance has ceased from most funding sources

3,739 km gas, 1321 km oil (2017)

Arakan National Party or ANP 
Democratic Party or DP 
Kayah State Democratic Party or KySDP
Kayin People's Party or KPP 
Kokang Democracy and Unity Party or KDUP 
La Hu National Development Party or LHNDP 
Lisu National Development Party or LNDP 
Mon Unity Party (formed in 2019 from the All Mon Region Democracy Party and Mon National Party)
National Democratic Force or NDF 
National League for Democracy or NLD 
National Unity Party or NUP 
Pa-O National Organization or PNO 
People's Party 
Shan Nationalities Democratic Party or SNDP 
Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD 
Ta'ang National Party or TNP 
Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party or TNDP 
Union Solidarity and Development Party or USDP 
Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State or UDPKS 
Wa Democratic Party or WDP 
Wa National Unity Party or WNUP 
Zomi Congress for Democracy or ZCD 

note: more than 90 political parties participated in the 2020 elections; political parties continued to function after the 2021 coup, although some political leaders have been arrested by the military regime; in 2023, the regime announced a new law with several rules and restrictions on political parties and their ability to participate in elections; dozens of parties refused to comply with the new rules; the regime's election commission has subsequently banned more than 80 political parties, including the National League for Democracy

total: 5,031 km (2008)

narrow gauge: 5,031 km (2008) 1.000-m gauge

18 years of age; universal

general assessment: Burma, one of the least developed telecom markets in Asia, saw growth in mobile and broadband services through expanded foreign access and investment in the 2010s and roll outs 4G and limited 5G network infrastructures; infrastructure expansion has been challenged by armed conflict, severe weather events, unreliable electricity, inefficient bureaucracy, and decreased foreign investment since the 2021 military coup; digital divide affects rural areas; fixed broadband remains low due to number of fixed-lines and widespread installation of the mobile network platforms; multiple m-banking platforms; tests for NB-IoT; benefit from launch of regional satellite; government censors online content and restricts Internet and mobile network quality in political crisis (2023)

domestic: fixed-line is just under 1 per 100, while mobile-cellular is roughly 126 per 100 (2021)

international: country code - 95; landing points for the SeaMeWe-3, SeaMeWe-5, AAE-1 and Singapore-Myanmar optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and ShinSat (2019)

central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

military regime

conventional long form: Union of Burma

conventional short form: Burma

local long form: Pyidaungzu Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw (translated as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar)

local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw

former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Union of Myanmar

etymology: both "Burma" and "Myanmar" derive from the name of the majority Burman (Bamar) ethnic group, with the term myanma, or "the strong," being the group's name for itself

note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma and the deposed parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not officially adopted the name

Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Southeast Asia

17,140 sq km (2020)

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires THET WIN (since 22 June 2022)

chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 332-3344

FAX: [1] (202) 332-4351

email address and website:
washington-embassy@mofa.gov.mm

https://www.mewashingtondc.org/

consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

percent of population: 44% (2021 est.)

.mm

IDPs: 1.975 million (government offensives against armed ethnic minority groups near its borders with China and Thailand, natural disasters, forced land evictions) (2023)

stateless persons: 600,000 (2022); note - Rohingya Muslims, living predominantly in Rakhine State, are Burma's main group of stateless people; the Burmese Government does not recognize the Rohingya as a "national race" and stripped them of their citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship Law, categorizing them as "non-nationals" or "foreign residents;" under the Rakhine State Action Plan drafted in October 2014, the Rohingya must demonstrate their family has lived in Burma for at least 60 years to qualify for a lesser naturalized citizenship and the classification of Bengali or be put in detention camps and face deportation; native-born but non-indigenous people, such as Indians, are also stateless; the Burmese Government does not grant citizenship to children born outside of the country to Burmese parents who left the country illegally or fled persecution, such as those born in Thailand; the number of stateless persons has decreased dramatically because hundreds of thousands of Rohingya have fled to Bangladesh since 25 August 2017 to escape violence

$66.758 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

tier rating: Tier 3 — Burma does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Burma remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/burma/

1.2 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)

total: 11 years

male: 10 years

female: 11 years (2018)

urban population: 32.1% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

government controls all domestic broadcast media; 2 state-controlled TV stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; 2 pay-TV stations are joint state-private ventures; 1 state-controlled domestic radio station and 9 FM stations that are joint state-private ventures; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in parts of Burma; the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Asia (RFA), BBC Burmese service, the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), and Radio Australia use shortwave to broadcast in Burma; VOA, RFA, and DVB produce daily TV news programs that are transmitted by satellite to audiences in Burma; in March 2017, the government granted licenses to 5 private broadcasters, allowing them digital free-to-air TV channels to be operated in partnership with government-owned Myanmar Radio and Television (MRTV) and will rely upon MRTV’s transmission infrastructure; following the February 2021 military coup, the regime revoked the media licenses of most independent outlets, including the free-to-air licenses for DVB and Mizzima (2022)

improved:

urban: 95.4% of population

rural: 80.7% of population

total: 85.3% of population

unimproved:

urban: 4.6% of population

rural: 19.3% of population

total: 14.7% of population (2020 est.)

name: "Kaba Ma Kyei" (Till the End of the World, Myanmar)

lyrics/music: SAYA TIN

note: adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work

5.610 million RANGOON (Yangon) (capital), 1.532 million Mandalay (2023)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

0.76 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

1 beds/1,000 population (2017)

chinthe (mythical lion); national colors: yellow, green, red, white

24.7 years (2015/16 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

52.2% (2015/16)

household consumption: 59.2% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 13.8% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 33.5% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.5% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 21.4% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -28.6% (2017 est.)

total dependency ratio: 46

youth dependency ratio: 36.3

elderly dependency ratio: 9.7

potential support ratio: 10.3 (2021 est.)

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Burma

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: none

note: an applicant for naturalization must be the child or spouse of a citizen

population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated

electrification - total population: 73.7% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas: 93.9%

electrification - rural areas: 62.8%

number of registered air carriers: 8 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 42

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,407,788 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 4.74 million (2018) mt-km

XY

improved:

urban: 93.9% of population

rural: 81.3% of population

total: 85.2% of population

unimproved:

urban: 6.1% of population

rural: 18.7% of population

total: 14.8% of population (2020 est.)

Burman (Bamar) 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

note: the largest ethnic group — the Burman (or Bamar) — dominate politics, and the military ranks are largely drawn from this ethnic group; the Burman mainly populate the central parts of the country, while various ethnic minorities have traditionally lived in the peripheral regions that surround the plains in a horseshoe shape; the government recognizes 135 indigenous ethnic groups

Buddhist 87.9%, Christian 6.2%, Muslim 4.3%, Animist 0.8%, Hindu 0.5%, other 0.2%, none 0.1% (2014 est.)

note: religion estimate is based on the 2014 national census, including an estimate for the non-enumerated population of Rakhine State, which is assumed to mainly affiliate with the Islamic faith; as of December 2019, Muslims probably make up less than 3% of Burma's total population due to the large outmigration of the Rohingya population since 2017

Burmese (official)

major-language sample(s):
ကမ္ဘာ့အချက်အလက်စာအုပ်- အခြေခံအချက်အလက်တွေအတွက် မရှိမဖြစ်တဲ့ အရင်းအမြစ် (Burmese)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note: minority ethnic groups use their own languages

China 40%, Thailand 18%, Singapore 15%, Indonesia 4%, Malaysia 4% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

highest point: Gamlang Razi 5,870 m

lowest point: Andaman Sea/Bay of Bengal 0 m

mean elevation: 702 m

5.6% of GDP (2021)

since the country’s founding, the Tatmadaw has been deeply involved in domestic politics and the national economy; it ran the country for five decades following a military coup in 1962; prior to the most recent coup in 2021, the military already controlled three key security ministries (Defense, Border, and Home Affairs), one of two vice presidential appointments, 25% of the parliamentary seats, and had a proxy political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP); it owns and operates two business conglomerates that have over 100 subsidiaries; the business activities of these conglomerates include banking and insurance, hotels, tourism, jade and ruby mining, timber, construction, real estate, and the production of palm oil, sugar, soap, cement, beverages, drinking water, coal, and gas; some of the companies supply goods and services to the military, such as food, clothing, insurance, and cellphone service; the military also manages a film industry, publishing houses, and television stations

the Tatmadaw's primary operational focus is internal security, and it is conducting counterinsurgency operations against anti-regime forces that launched an armed rebellion following the 2021 coup and an array of ethnic armed groups (EAGs), some of which have considerable military capabilities; as of 2024, the Tatmadaw was reportedly engaged in combat operations in 10 of its 14 regional commands; it has been accused of committing atrocities in the conduct of its campaign against the pro-democracy movement and opposition forces 

the military is supported by pro-government militias; some are integrated within the Tatmadaw’s command structure as Border Guard Forces, which are organized as battalions with a mix of militia forces, EAGs, and government soldiers that are armed, supplied, and paid by the Tatmadaw; other pro-military government militias are not integrated within the Tatmadaw command structure but receive direction and some support from the military and are recognized as government militias; a third type of pro-government militias are small community-based units that are armed, coordinated, and trained by local Tatmadaw forces and activated as needed; the military regime has attempted to raise new militia units to help combat the popular uprising

EAGs have been fighting for self-rule against the Burmese Government since 1948; there are reported to be around 20 such groups operating in Burma with strengths of a few hundred up to 30,000 estimated fighters; some are organized along military lines with "brigades" and "divisions" and armed with heavy weaponry, including artillery; they control large tracts of the country’s territory, primarily in the border regions; key groups include the United Wa State Army, Karen National Union, Kachin Independence Army, Arakan Army, Ta’ang National Liberation Army, and the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army

the opposition National Unity Government claims its armed wing, the People's Defense Force (PDF), has more than 60,000 fighters loosely organized into battalions; in addition, several EAGs have cooperated with the NUG and supported local PDF groups (2024)

estimated 150-300,000 armed forces personnel (2024)

the Burmese military's inventory is comprised mostly of older Chinese and Russian/Soviet-era weapons and equipment with a smaller mix of more modern acquisitions, mostly from China and Russia; Burma's defense industry is involved in shipbuilding and the production of ground force equipment based largely on Chinese and Russian designs (2024)

severe localized food insecurity: due to conflict, political instability, and economic constraints - the political crisis, following the military takeover on 1 February 2021, resulted in increased tensions and unrest throughout the country; the current uncertain political situation may further compromise the fragile situation of vulnerable households and the Rohingya IDPs residing in the country; armed conflict between the military and non‑state armed groups led to population displacements, disrupted agricultural activities and limited access for humanitarian support especially in Rakhine, Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Kayah and Shan states; income losses and a decline in remittances, due to the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, have affected the food security situation of vulnerable households; domestic prices of Emata rice, the most consumed variety in the country, were at high levels in May 2022, constraining access to a key staple food (2022)

municipal: 3.32 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)

industrial: 500 million cubic meters (2019 est.)

agricultural: 29.57 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 4,677,307 tons (2000 est.)

on food: 53.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 0.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

particulate matter emissions: 27.16 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 25.28 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 42.2 megatons (2020 est.)

Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km), Salween (271,914 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)

Mekong (shared with China [s], Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km; Salween river mouth (shared with China [s] and Thailand) - 3,060 km; Irrawaddy river mouth (shared with China [s]) - 2,809 km; Chindwin - 1,158 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Pyu Ancient Cities; Bagan

women married by age 15: 1.9%

women married by age 18: 16%

men married by age 18: 5% (2016 est.)

production: 1.031 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 907,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 221,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 67,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 252 million metric tons (2023 est.)

fossil fuels: 61.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 36.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

production: 13.549 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption: 4.241 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports: 9.29 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 219.822 million cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves: 637.129 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

total petroleum production: 7,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 122,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 139 million barrels (2021 est.)

0.96 (2024 est.)

57.5% (2023 est.)

1.65% of GDP (2023 est.)
2.03% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.93% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

total ports: 7 (2024)

large: 0

medium: 0

small: 5

very small: 2

ports with oil terminals: 3

key ports: Bassein, Mergui, Moulmein Harbor, Rangoon, Sittwe

22.662 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total: 9.7% (2023 est.)

male: 10.3% (2023 est.)

female: 8.9% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

-1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

total: 30.8 years (2024 est.)

male: 29.9 years

female: 31.6 years

$9.292 billion (2023 est.)

179 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

$7.67 billion (2020 est.)
$5.824 billion (2019 est.)
$5.646 billion (2018 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

33.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

1.97 children born/woman (2024 est.)

2.84% (2023 est.)
2.83% (2022 est.)
4.34% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 57,527,139 (2024 est.)

male: 28,387,831

female: 29,139,308

27.005 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 1.24 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 17.39 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 8.376 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total : 676,578 sq km

land: 653,508 sq km

water: 23,070 sq km

6.02% (of GDP) (2019 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

$290.381 billion (2023 est.)
$287.624 billion (2022 est.)
$276.462 billion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

74 (2025)

total: 32.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 35.4 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 28.5 deaths/1,000 live births

total subscriptions: 65.5 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 107 (2022 est.)

30.7 (2017 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

8.83% (2019 est.)
6.87% (2018 est.)
4.57% (2017 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

$67.72 million (2019 est.)
-$2.561 billion (2018 est.)
-$4.917 billion (2017 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$5,400 (2023 est.)
$5,400 (2022 est.)
$5,200 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

total: 1.51 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2023 est.)

total: 44.1% (2020 est.)

male: 68.5% (2020 est.)

female: 19.7% (2020 est.)

5.8% (2016)

8.384 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

15.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

installed generating capacity: 7.419 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 23.625 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports: 200 million kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 1.855 billion kWh (2023 est.)

total: 101 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 1, general cargo 44, oil tanker 5, other 51

19.1% (2017/18)

$23.1 billion (2021 est.)
$17.356 billion (2019 est.)
$18.664 billion (2018 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

$20.4 billion (2021 est.)
$17.523 billion (2019 est.)
$15.728 billion (2018 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

6 (2025)

total subscriptions: 588,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2023 est.) less than 1

total: 2.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 0.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 1.55 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total population: 70.3 years (2024 est.)

male: 68.5 years

female: 72.1 years

0.96% (2023 est.)
4.04% (2022 est.)
-12.02% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

0.02% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

agriculture: 22.7% (2023 est.)

industry: 37.6% (2023 est.)

services: 39.7% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

1.69% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

2.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

0.71% (2024 est.)