Pakistan - PK - PAK - PAK - South Asia

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Natalie A. BAKER (since January 2025)

embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad

mailing address: 8100 Islamabad Place, Washington, DC 20521-8100

telephone: [92] 051-201-4000

FAX: [92] 51-2338071

email address and website:
ACSIslamabad@state.gov

https://pk.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar

0-14 years: 34.4% (male 44,330,669/female 42,529,007)

15-64 years: 60.7% (male 78,321,834/female 74,833,003)

65 years and over: 4.9% (2024 est.) (male 5,735,294/female 6,613,764)

30 00 N, 70 00 E

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female

total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)

slightly more than five times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of California

16 (or 17 depending on service) to 23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; women serve in all three armed forces; reserve obligation to age 45 for enlisted men, age 50 for officers (2023)

The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of modern-day Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The partition in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India created lasting tension between the two countries. They have fought two wars and a limited conflict -- in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 respectively -- over the Kashmir territory, a dispute that continues to this day. A third war in 1971 -- in which India assisted an indigenous movement reacting to Bengali marginalization in Pakistani politics -- resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh.

In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. Pakistan has been engaged in a decades-long armed conflict with militant groups, including the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other militant networks that target government institutions and civilians.

water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural freshwater resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution and noise pollution in urban areas

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

3% of GDP (2023 est.)
4% of GDP (2022 est.)
4% of GDP (2021 est.)
4% of GDP (2020 est.)
4.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

21.9% (2018 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

lowest 10%: 4.2% (2018 est.)

highest 10%: 25.5% (2018 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

garments, fabric, refined petroleum, rice, cotton fabric (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

USA 14%, UAE 10%, China 9%, Germany 7%, UK 6% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

4 provinces, 2 Pakistan-administered areas*, and 1 capital territory**; Azad Kashmir*, Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh

sugarcane, bison milk, wheat, milk, rice, maize, potatoes, cotton, mangoes/guavas, chicken (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Pakistan Armed Forces: Pakistan Army (includes National Guard), Pakistan Navy (includes Pakistan Marines, Pakistan Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force

Ministry of Interior: Frontier Constabulary, Frontier Corps, National Police, Pakistan Coast Guard, Punjab (Pakistan) Rangers, Sindh (Pakistan) Rangers (2025)

note: the National Guard is a paramilitary force and one of the Army's reserve forces; other Army reserves include the Pakistan Army Reserve, the Frontier Corps, and the Pakistan Rangers

revenues: $40.774 billion (2015 est.)

expenditures: $49.558 billion (2015 est.)

note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

name: Islamabad

geographic coordinates: 33 41 N, 73 03 E

time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name means "city of Islam" and derives from the Arabic islam, referring to the Islamic faith, and the Persian suffix -abad, meaning "inhabited place" or "city"

natural gas, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, palm oil, plastics (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

1,046 km

history: several previous; latest endorsed 12 April 1973, passed 19 April 1973, entered into force 14 August 1973 (suspended and restored several times)

amendment process: proposed by the Senate or by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses

Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
280.356 (2023 est.)
204.867 (2022 est.)
162.906 (2021 est.)
161.838 (2020 est.)
150.036 (2019 est.)

chief of state: President Asif Ali ZARDARI (since 10 March 2024)

head of government: Prime Minister Shahbaz SHARIF (since 3 March 2024)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the Electoral College consisting of members of the Senate, National Assembly, and provincial assemblies for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); election last held on 9 March 2024 (next to be held in 2029)

election results:
2024: Asif Ali ZARDARI elected president; National Assembly vote - Asif Ali ZARDARI (PPP) 411 votes, Mehmood Khan ACHAKZALI (PMAP) 181 votes; Shahbaz SHARIF elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - Shahbaz SHARIF (PML-N) 201, Omar AYUB (PTI) 92

2018: Arif ALVI elected president; Electoral College vote - Arif ALVI (PTI) 352, Fazl-ur-REHMAN (MMA) 184, Aitzaz AHSAN (PPP) 124; Imran KHAN elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - Imran KHAN (PTI) 176, Shehbaz SHARIF (PML-N) 96

green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

14 August 1947 (from British India)

textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, surgical instruments, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Pakistan (consists of the chief justice and 16 judges)

judge selection and term of office: justices nominated by an 8-member parliamentary committee on the recommendation of the Judicial Commission, a 9-member body of judges and other judicial professionals, and appointed by the president; justices can serve until age 65

subordinate courts: High Courts; Federal Shariat Court; provincial and district civil and criminal courts; specialized courts for issues, such as taxation, banking, and customs

total: 7,257 km

border countries (4): Afghanistan 2,670 km; China 438 km; India 3,190 km; Iran 959 km

agricultural land: 46.6% (2022 est.)

arable land: 39.2% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 0.9% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 6.5% (2022 est.)

forest: 4.7% (2022 est.)

other: 48.6% (2022 est.)

common law system with Islamic law influence

legislature name: Parliament (Majlis-E-Shoora)

legislative structure: bicameral

note: in May 2018, the Parliament of Pakistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly passed a constitutional amendment to merge the Federally Administrated Tribal Areas and Provincially Administered Tribal Areas with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; the amendment reduces the Senate from 104 to 96 members - 4 in the 2024 election and 4 in the 2027 election

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 58%

male: 69.3%

female: 46.5% (2019)

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

ADB, AIIB, ARF, ASEAN (sectoral dialogue partner), C, CERN (associate member), CICA, CP, D-8, ECO, FAO, G-11, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MINUSCA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNSOS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Pakistan Day (also referred to as Pakistan Resolution Day or Republic Day), 23 March (1940); note - commemorates both the adoption of the Lahore Resolution by the All-India Muslim League during its 22-24 March 1940 session, which called for the creation of independent Muslim states, and the adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan on 23 March 1956 during the transition to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

noun: Pakistani(s)

adjective: Pakistani

arable land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent

lower middle-income South Asian economy; extremely high debt; endemic corruption; regional disputes with India and Afghanistan hinder investment; falling inflation, IMF relief programs, and strong agricultural output slowly contributing to economic recovery

Awami National Party or ANP
Awami Muslim League or AML
Balochistan Awami Party or BAP
Balochistan National Party-Awami or BNP-A
Balochistan National Party-Mengal or BNP-M
Grand Democratic Alliance or GDA (alliance of several parties)
Hazara Democratic Party or HDP
Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party
Jamaat-e-Islami or JI
Jamhoori Wattan Party or JWP
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam-Fazl or JUI-F
Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen Pakistan or MWM
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal or MMA (alliance of several parties)
Muttahida Qaumi Movement-Pakistan or MQM-P
National Party or NP
Pakistan Muslim League or PML-Z
Pakistan Muslim League-Functional or PML-F
Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz or PML-N
Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-e-Azam or PML-Q
Pakistan Peoples Party or PPP
Pakistan Rah-e-Haq Party or PRHP
Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaaf or PTI (Pakistan Movement for Justice)
Pashtoonkhwa Milli Awami Party or PMAP or PKMAP
Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan or TLP

total: 11,881 km (2021)

narrow gauge: 389 km (2021) 1.000-m gauge

broad gauge: 11,492 km (2021) 1.676-m gauge (286 km electrified)

18 years of age; universal; note - there are joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims

general assessment: Pakistan’s telecom market transitioned from a regulated state-owned monopoly to a deregulated competitive structure in 2003, now aided by foreign investment; moderate growth over the last six years, supported by a young population and a rising use of mobile services; telecom infrastructure is improving, with investments in mobile-cellular networks, fixed-line subscriptions declining; system consists of microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks; 4G mobile services broadly available; 5G tests ongoing; data centers in major cities; mobile and broadband doing well and dominate over fixed-broadband sector; future growth (in market size as well as revenue) is likely to come from the wider availability of value-added services on top of the expansion of 4G LTE and (from 2023) 5G mobile networks; the Universal Service Fund (USF) continues to direct investment towards the development of mobile broadband (and, to a lesser extent, fiber-based networks) in under-served and even under served areas of the country, with multiple projects being approved to start in 2021 and 2022 (2021)

domestic: mobile-cellular subscribership has increased; more than 90% of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage; fiber-optic networks are being constructed throughout the country to increase broadband access and broadband penetration in Pakistan is increasing--by the end of 2021, 50% of the population had access to broadband services; fixed-line teledensity is a little over 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular roughly 82 per 100 persons (2021)

international: country code - 92; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3, -4, -5, AAE-1, IMEWE, Orient Express, PEACE Cable, and TW1 submarine cable systems that provide links to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2019)

divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain in the center and east, and the Balochistan Plateau in the south and west

federal parliamentary republic

conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan

conventional short form: Pakistan

local long form: Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan

local short form: Pakistan

former: West Pakistan

etymology: the name is said to have been proposed in the early 1930s by Muslim students at Cambridge University, created from the initials of Punjab, Afghanistan, and Kashmir; the word pak also means "pure" in Persian or Pashto, and the Persian suffix -stan means "place of" or "country," so Pakistan literally means "Land of the Pure"

Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north

Asia

194,200 sq km (2022)

chief of mission: Ambassador Rizwan Saeed SHEIKH (since 18 September 2024)

chancery: 3517 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 243-6500

FAX: [1] (202) 686-1534

email address and website:
consularsection@embassyofpakistanusa.org

https://embassyofpakistanusa.org/

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York

percent of population: 33% (2022 est.)

.pk

refugees (country of origin): 2.64-2.9 million (1.3 million registered, 1.34-1.6  million undocumented or otherwise categorized) (Afghanistan) (2023)

IDPs: 21,000 (primarily those who remain displaced by counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations and violent conflict between armed non-state groups in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Khyber-Paktunkwa Province; more than 1 million displaced in northern Waziristan in 2014; individuals also have been displaced by repeated monsoon floods) (2022)

stateless persons: 48 (2022)

$337.912 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Fitch rating: B- (2018)

Moody's rating: B3 (2015)

Standard & Poors rating: B- (2019)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

246.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

total: 9 years

male: 9 years

female: 8 years (2019)

urban population: 38% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

television is the most popular and dominant source of news in Pakistan with over 120 satellite tv stations licensed by the country’s electronic media regulatory body, PEMRA ,and 42 media companies/channels with landing rights permission; state-run Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) is the largest television network in the country and serves over 85 percent of the population with the largest terrestrial infrastructure of the country; PTV consists of nine TV Channels and PTV networks give special coverage to Kashmir; Pakistanis have access to over 100 private cable and satellite channels; six channels are considered the leaders for news reporting and current affairs programing in the country; state-owned Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC or Radio Pakistan) has the largest radio audience in the country, particularly in the rural areas; Radio Pakistan’s AM/SW/FM stations cover 98 percent of the population and 80 percent of the total area in the country; all major newspapers have online editions and all major print publications operate websites; freedom of the press and freedom of speech in the country are fragile (2022)

improved:

urban: 96.5% of population

rural: 92.5% of population

total: 94% of population

unimproved:

urban: 3.5% of population

rural: 7.5% of population

total: 6% of population (2020 est.)

name: "Qaumi Tarana" (National Anthem)

lyrics/music: Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez JULLANDHURI/Ahmed Ghulamali CHAGLA

note: adopted 1954; also known as "Pak sarzamin shad bad" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)

17.236 million Karachi, 13.979 million Lahore, 3.711 million Faisalabad, 2.415 million Gujranwala, 2.412 million Peshawar, 1.232 million ISLAMABAD (capital) (2023)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt

1.16 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

0.6 beds/1,000 population (2017)

five-pointed star between the horns of a waxing crescent moon, jasmine; national colors: green, white

22.8 years (2017/18 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

34% (2018/19)

household consumption: 83.2% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 10.3% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 12.4% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.7% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 10.5% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -18.1% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

total dependency ratio: 64.8 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 56.7 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 8.1 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 12.4 (2024 est.)

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Pakistan

dual citizenship recognized: yes, but limited to select countries

residency requirement for naturalization: 4 out of the previous 7 years and including the 12 months preceding application

the Indus River and its tributaries attract most of the settlement, with Punjab province the most densely populated

electrification - total population: 95% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas: 100%

electrification - rural areas: 93%

AP

improved:

urban: 88.6% of population

rural: 73.2% of population

total: 78.9% of population

unimproved:

urban: 11.4% of population

rural: 26.8% of population

total: 21.1% of population (2020 est.)

Punjabi 44.7%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Saraiki 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baloch 3.6%, other 6.3%

Muslim (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 est.)

Punjabi 38.8%, Pashto (alternate name, Pashtu) 18.2%, Sindhi 14.6%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 12.2%, Urdu 7.1%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2.4%, Brahui 1.2%, other 2.4%

major-language sample(s):
دنیا کا قاموس، ایک لازمی زریہ بنیادی معلومات کا (Urdu)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note: data represent population by mother tongue; English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries)

China 25%, Qatar 11%, UAE 9%, Saudi Arabia 8%, Indonesia 6% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 900 m

2.9% of GDP (2021)

the Pakistan military operates largely independently and without effective civilian oversight; it has ruled the country for more than 30 years since independence in 1947 and continues to play a significant role in Pakistan's political arena; it also has a large stake in the country’s economic sector and is involved in a diverse array of commercial activities, including banking, construction of public projects, employment services, energy and power generation, fertilizer, food, housing, real estate, and security services

the military is responsible for external defense but also has a large role in domestic security; its chief external focus is on the perceived threat posed by India; the military is the lead security agency in many areas of the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA); it has considerable operational experience, having engaged in several conflicts with India and conducted counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations for decades against various internal militant groups; it is also one of the longest serving and largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions; China is its closest security partner

Pakistan and India have fought several conflicts since 1947, including the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 and the Indo-Pakistan and Bangladesh War of Independence of 1971, as well as two clashes over the disputed region of Kashmir (First Kashmir War of 1947 and the Kargil Conflict of 1999); a fragile cease-fire in Kashmir was reached in 2003, revised in 2018, and reaffirmed in 2021, although the Line of Control remains contested, and India has accused Pakistan of backing armed separatists and terrorist organizations in Jammu and Kashmir; in addition, India and Pakistan have battled over the Siachen Glacier of Kashmir, which was seized by India in 1984 with Pakistan attempting to retake the area several times between 1985-1995; despite a cease-fire, both sides continue to maintain a permanent military presence there with outposts at altitudes above 20,000 feet (over 6,000 meters) where most casualties are due to extreme weather or the hazards of operating in the high mountain terrain of the world’s highest conflict, including avalanches, exposure, and altitude sickness

Pakistan has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation (2024)

information varies; approximately 630,000 active-duty personnel (550,000 Army; 30,000 Navy; 50,000 Air Force); approximately 150,000 Frontier Corps and Pakistan Rangers (2023)

the military's inventory is a broad mix of mostly imported and some domestically produced weapons and equipment; most of its imported weapons are from China; other suppliers include France, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, the UK, and the US; Pakistan also has a large domestic defense industry, which produces or co-produces such items as armored vehicles, aircraft, missiles, naval vessels (2024)

1,300 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 290 South Sudan (UNMISS); 590 Sudan (UNISFA) (2024)

Terrorist group(s): Haqqani Network (HQN); Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI); Harakat ul-Mujahidin; Hizbul Mujahideen; Indian Mujahedeen; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan (ISIS-K); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – India (ISI); Islamic State of ash-Sham – Pakistan (ISP); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM); Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Lashkar i Jhangvi (LJ); Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LeT); Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP); al-Qa’ida; al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS)

note 1: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

note 2: the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), an armed separatist group that targets security forces and civilians, has been active in Pakistan since the 2000s, mainly in ethnic Baloch areas of the country; in 2019, the US designated BLA as Specially Designated Global Terrorists

severe localized food insecurity: due to population displacements, economic constraints, and high prices of the main food staple - according to the latest analysis, about 4.7 million people, 25% of the population, are estimated to be facing high levels of acute food insecurity, between April and June 2022 in 25 districts analyzed in Balochistan, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces; prices of wheat flour, the country’s main staple, were at high levels in most markets in May 2022, constraining access to the staple food (2022)

municipal: 9.65 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 1.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 172.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 30.76 million tons (2017 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 2,460,800 tons (2017 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 8% (2017 est.)

on food: 37.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 1.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

particulate matter emissions: 50.13 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 201.15 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 142.12 megatons (2020 est.)

Indus Basin

Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)

Indus river mouth (shared with China [s] and India) - 3,610 km; Sutlej river mouth (shared with China [s] and India) - 1,372 km; Chenab river mouth (shared with India [s]) - 1,086 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

total World Heritage Sites: 6 (all cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro; Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi; Taxila; Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore; Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta; Rohtas Fort

women married by age 15: 3.6%

women married by age 18: 18.3%

men married by age 18: 4.7% (2018 est.)

production: 13.765 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 30.191 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 900 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 16.185 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 2.857 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

fossil fuels: 60.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear: 14.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 3.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 19.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste: 1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

production: 27.476 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption: 36.323 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 8.847 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 592.219 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

total petroleum production: 91,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 645,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 540 million barrels (2021 est.)

1.62 (2024 est.)

63.5% (2023 est.)

7.86% of GDP (2023 est.)
8.05% of GDP (2022 est.)
8.98% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 6 (2025)

Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 1 (2025)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 3.26GW (2025 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 17.4% (2023 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 1 (2025)

Pakistan Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO; established 1961); National Remote Sensing Center (aka Resacent; established 1980) (2024)

Somiani Flight Test Range (Balochistan); Tilla Satellite Launch Center (aka Tilla Range; Punjab) (2024)

space program dates back to the early 1960s but funding shortfalls and shifts in priority toward ballistic missile development in the 1980s and 1990s hampered the program’s development; more recently, the program has regained attention and become more ambitious, particularly in acquiring satellites and reaching agreements with other space powers for additional capabilities; manufactures and operates satellites; researching and developing other space-related capabilities and technologies, such as satellite payloads and probably satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs); also conducts research in such areas as astronomy, astrophysics, environmental monitoring, and space sciences; has relations or cooperation agreements on space with China, Russia, and Turkey (cooperated with the UK and US prior to the 1990s) (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

total ports: 3 (2024)

large: 0

medium: 2

small: 1

very small: 0

ports with oil terminals: 2

key ports: Gwadar, Karachi, Muhamamad Bin Qasim

chamber name: National Assembly

number of seats: 336 (all directly elected)

electoral system: plurality/majority

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 2/8/2024

parties elected and seats per party: Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) (75); Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) (54); Muttahida Quami Movement Pakistan (MQMP) (17); Independents (101); Other (16)

percentage of women in chamber: 17%

expected date of next election: February 2029

chamber name: Senate

number of seats: 96 (all indirectly elected)

scope of elections: partial renewal

term in office: 6 years

most recent election date: 4/2/2024

percentage of women in chamber: 18.8%

expected date of next election: March 2027

note: in 2018, the Parliament of Pakistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly passed a constitutional amendment to merge the Federally Administrated Tribal Areas and Provincially Administered Tribal Areas with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; the amendment reduces the Senate from 104 to 96 members -- by 4 in the 2024 election and another 4 in the 2027 election

82.187 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total: 9.7% (2023 est.)

male: 9.3% (2023 est.)

female: 10.7% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

total: 22.9 years (2024 est.)

male: 22.8 years

female: 23 years

$94.271 billion (2023 est.)

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

154 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

$13.73 billion (2023 est.)
$9.927 billion (2022 est.)
$22.812 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

67% of GDP (2017 est.)

3.32 children born/woman (2024 est.)

5.5% (2023 est.)
5.55% (2022 est.)
6.34% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 252,363,571 (2024 est.)

male: 128,387,797

female: 123,975,774

212.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 59.937 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 93.713 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 59.006 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total : 796,095 sq km

land: 770,875 sq km

water: 25,220 sq km

15.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

$1.346 trillion (2023 est.)
$1.347 trillion (2022 est.)
$1.285 trillion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

117 (2025)

total: 51.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 56 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 46.8 deaths/1,000 live births

total subscriptions: 189 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 82 (2022 est.)

29.6 (2018 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

30.77% (2023 est.)
19.87% (2022 est.)
9.5% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

-$825.232 million (2023 est.)
-$12.216 billion (2022 est.)
-$12.283 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$5,400 (2023 est.)
$5,500 (2022 est.)
$5,400 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

total: 3.36 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2023 est.)

total: 20.2% (2020 est.)

male: 33% (2020 est.)

female: 7.3% (2020 est.)

8.6% (2016)

14.076 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

25.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

installed generating capacity: 43.512 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 145.357 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports: 481.25 million kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 25.811 billion kWh (2023 est.)

total: 60 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 5, oil tanker 9, other 46

23.1% (2017/18)

$57.963 billion (2023 est.)
$76.594 billion (2022 est.)
$76.514 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

$36.317 billion (2023 est.)
$38.967 billion (2022 est.)
$35.612 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

48 (2025)

total subscriptions: 2.573 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2023 est.)

total: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total population: 70.3 years (2024 est.)

male: 68.2 years

female: 72.5 years

-0.04% (2023 est.)
4.78% (2022 est.)
6.51% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

-3.7% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

agriculture: 23.3% (2023 est.)

industry: 20.7% (2023 est.)

services: 50.8% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)

2.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

1.86% (2024 est.)