Romania - RO - ROU - ROU - Europe

Last updated: April 23, 2025

Romania Images

The Mraconia Monastery on the Danube River in Romania was completed in 1993 on the ruins of ancient monasteries.
Exterior of the communist-era Palace of the People in Bucharest, Romania, which was built between 1984 and 1997. The structure is the world's third-largest building by floor area (after the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the Long'ao Building in China) and hosts the two houses of Parliament, three museums, and an international conference center. About two-thirds of the building remains unoccupied.
Bust of Mihai Viteazul (1558-1601), also known as Michael the Brave, in the Palace of the People in Bucharest, Romania. He was Prince of Wallachia (1593–1601), and briefly Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600). Considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes, his short-lived unification of the three principalities is seen as a precursor to the complete unification of Romania in the 20th century.
Bust of Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1820-73) in the Palace of the People in Bucharest, Romania. Cuza was Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia, and later Domnitor (ruler) of the Romanian Principalities.
The neo-Renaissance Peles Castle near Sinaia, Romania, was built between 1873 and 1914 as a residence for King Carol I. Set in the Carpathian Mountains, it is a popular tourist destination.
The entrance to the Great Church of the Sinaia Monastery in Romania. First built between 1842 and 1846, the church was partially rebuilt between 1897 and 1903.
Bran Castle, a national monument in Transylvania in central Romania. The region was featured in Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula, even though the castle itself was not and has no connection to the Dracula legend, despite its popularity with tourists. Originally constructed to protect German colonists in the region, Bran Castle later became a royal residence and was a favorite home of Queen Marie (1875-1938) and her daughter, Princess Ileana, who ran a hospital there in World War II. The castle is now the country’s first private museum.
Trescovăț, an eroded volcanic plug next to the Danube River, is popular among hikers and climbers and offers impressive views of the river valley. This view is from the Serbian side of the Danube.
Rock carving on the Romanian side of the Danube River, depicting the Dacian King Decebalus (r. A.D. 87-106), who fought the Romans in the early 2nd century but was ultimately defeated. The carving, made between 1994 and 2004, is 42.9 m (141 ft) tall and 31.6 m (104 ft) wide.
The Iron Gates is a gorge on the Danube River that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania.
The Mraconia Monastery on the Danube River in Romania was completed in 1993 on the ruins of ancient monasteries.
Exterior of the communist-era Palace of the People in Bucharest, Romania, which was built between 1984 and 1997. The structure is the world's third-largest building by floor area (after the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the Long'ao Building in China) and hosts the two houses of Parliament, three museums, and an international conference center. About two-thirds of the building remains unoccupied.

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Romania Factbook Data

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Kathleen KAVALEC (since 14 February 2023)

embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118

mailing address: 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260

telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300

FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442

email address and website:
ACSBucharest@state.gov

https://ro.usembassy.gov/

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)

15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)

65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)

This is the population pyramid for Romania. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Natural hazards

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Area - comparative

twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; all military inductees contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36; conscription ended in 2006 (2023)

Background

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.

Environment - current issues

soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Military expenditures

2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)
1.6% of GDP (2023)
1.7% of GDP (2022)
1.9% of GDP (2021)
2% of GDP (2020)

Population below poverty line

21.2% (2021 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.9% (2021 est.)

highest 10%: 24% (2021 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Exports - commodities

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Administrative divisions

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Agricultural products

wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Military and security forces

Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force

Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, the Romanian Gendarmerie (Jandarmeria Română), the Romanian Border Police, the General Directorate for Internal Protection, and the Directorate General for Anticorruption (2024)

Budget

revenues: $93.681 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $110.163 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Capital

name: Bucharest

geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: related to the Romanian word "bucura" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is "to be glad (happy)"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to "city of joy"

Imports - commodities

vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Coastline

225 km

Constitution

history: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991

amendment process: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended

Exchange rates

lei (RON) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
4.574 (2023 est.)
4.688 (2022 est.)
4.16 (2021 est.)
4.244 (2020 est.)
4.238 (2019 est.)

Executive branch

chief of state: Interim President Ilie BOLOJAN (since 12 February 2025)

head of government: Prime Minister Marcel CIOLACU (since 15 June 2023)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held in November 2024, but results were annulled, with new election expected in May 2025; prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament

election results:
2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%

2014: Klaus IOHANNIS elected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%

note: Romania's constitutional court has annulled the results of the most recent presidential election in November-December 2024, which resets the election cycle. A new election is expected in May 2025.

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed

note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Roadways

total: 85,387 km (2022)

Illicit drugs

a source country for cannabis

Independence

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

Industries

electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

Waterways

1,731 km (2010) (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals)

Judicial branch

highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms

subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

Land boundaries

total: 2,844 km

border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km

Land use

agricultural land: 55.1% (2022 est.)

arable land: 35.7% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 1.7% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 17.7% (2022 est.)

forest: 30.1% (2022 est.)

other: 14.8% (2022 est.)

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

legislature name: Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)

legislative structure: bicameral

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98.9%

male: 99.1%

female: 98.7% (2021)

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

National holiday

Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

Nationality

noun: Romanian(s)

adjective: Romanian

Natural resources

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Geography - note

controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

Economic overview

high-income EU member economy; joined Schengen area as of March 2024; euro membership delayed over convergence criteria; persistent inflation but recovery driven by consumption and EU-funded investments; skilled labor shortage; regional economic disparities; fiscal reforms to address rising deficits

Pipelines

3,726 km gas, 2,451 km oil (2013)

Political parties

Alliance for the Fatherland or APP
Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD
Civic Hungarian Party
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR
Ecologist Party of Romania or PER
Force of the Right or FD
Greater Romania Party or PRM
Green Party
National Liberal Party or PNL
Popular Movement Party or PMP
PRO Romania or PRO
Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR
Save Romania Union Party or USR
Social Democratic Party or PSD
Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)
S.O.S. Romania
The Right Alternative or AD
United Romania Party or PRU
We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER

Railways

total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: Romania’s telecom market has undergone several significant changes in recent years; the mobile market is served by network operators that have extensive LTE networks in place, while services based on 5G have been offered under their existing spectrum concessions since 2019; the delayed multi-spectrum auction, expected to be completed later in 2021, will enable the operators to expand 5G network capacity and enable consumers to make far greater use of the technology’s potential; in line with legislation passed in July 2021 the MNOs will have to replace equipment provided by vendors deemed to be a security risk (2021)

domestic: fixed-line teledensity is 13 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is119 telephones per 100 persons (2021)

international: country code - 40; landing point for the Diamond Link Global submarine cable linking Romania with Georgia; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2019)

Terrain

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Government type

semi-presidential republic

Country name

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Romania

local long form: none

local short form: Romania

former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania

etymology: the name derives from the Latin Romani, meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Map references

Europe

Irrigated land

5,280 sq km (2022)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)

chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 332-4829

FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748

email address and website:
washington@mae.ro

https://washington.mae.ro/en

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

Internet users

percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)

Internet country code

.ro

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 77,250 (Ukraine) (as of 14 April 2024)

stateless persons: 297 (2022)

note: 16,085 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$350.776 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: BBB- (2011)

Moody's rating: Baa3 (2006)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2014)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Total renewable water resources

212 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 15 years (2020)

Urbanization

urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Broadcast media

a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

National anthem

name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

This is an audio of the National Anthem for Romania. The national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition - usually in the form of a song or hymn of praise - that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, or struggles of a nation or its people. National anthems can be officially recognized as a national song by a country's constitution or by an enacted law, or simply by tradition. Although most anthems contain lyrics, some do not.

Major urban areas - population

1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Physician density

3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density

6.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)

National symbol(s)

golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.1 years (2020 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 61.9% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 17.1% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 27% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: -1.2% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 39.2% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -43.9% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 53.7

youth dependency ratio: 24.6

elderly dependency ratio: 29.1

potential support ratio: 3.4 (2021 est.)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Population distribution

urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 8 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 60

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 4,908,235 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2.71 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 96.9% of population

rural: 76% of population

total: 87.3% of population

unimproved:

urban: 3.1% of population

rural: 24% of population

total: 12.7% of population (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)

note: data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population

Religions

Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)

note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond

Languages

Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond

Romanian audio sample

Imports - partners

Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Elevation

highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 414 m

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Current health expenditure

6.5% of GDP (2021)

Military - note

the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including cyber attacks and terrorism, but its primary focus is Russian aggression against neighboring Ukraine and Russia's activities in the Black Sea and Romania’s other eastern neighbor, Moldova

Romania joined NATO in 2004, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains regularly with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland (2024)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 68,000 active-duty military personnel (53,000 Land Forces; 7,000 Naval Forces; 8,000 Air Force) (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2024)

Military deployments

up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2024)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 1.09 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 3.9 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 1.43 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 4.895 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 277,547 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.7% (2015 est.)

Average household expenditures

on food: 25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 13.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 69.26 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 27.62 megatons (2020 est.)

Terrorist group(s)

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:

Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)

Coal

production: 14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 290,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 736,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Natural gas

production: 9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption: 9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports: 2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.79 (2024 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

54.8% (2023)

Remittances

2.84% of GDP (2023 est.)
2.96% of GDP (2022 est.)
3.18% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.3GW (2025 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 18.9% (2023 est.)

Space program overview

space program is integrated into the European Space Agency (ESA) and dates back to the 1960s; program is involved in the development and production of a wide range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs), remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, telecommunications, and other space-related applications; in addition to the ESA/EU and their member states (particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy), it cooperates with a variety of other space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also participates in international programs; has an active space industry sector with over 50 entities involved in space-related activities (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Space agency/agencies

Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2024)

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 2

global geoparks and regional networks: Buzău; Haţeg (2023)

Ports

total ports: 11 (2024)

large: 0

medium: 2

small: 1

very small: 8

ports with oil terminals: 4

key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)

number of seats: 331 (all directly elected)

electoral system: proportional representation

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 4 years

most recent election date: 12/1/2024

parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)

percentage of women in chamber: 22.4%

expected date of next election: November 2028

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name: Senate (Senatul)

number of seats: 136 (all directly elected)

electoral system: proportional representation

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 4 years

most recent election date: 12/1/2024

parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7)

percentage of women in chamber: 20.1%

expected date of next election: November 2028

Labor force

8.28 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 21.3% (2023 est.)

male: 21.2% (2023 est.)

female: 21.4% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Net migration rate

-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 45.5 years (2024 est.)

male: 44 years

female: 46.9 years

Maternal mortality ratio

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$73 billion (2023 est.)
$55.81 billion (2022 est.)
$51.886 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Public debt

50.88% of GDP (2022 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Total fertility rate

1.63 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.6% (2023 est.)
5.61% (2022 est.)
5.59% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Population

total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.)

male: 8,747,795

female: 9,400,360

Carbon dioxide emissions

61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Area

total : 238,391 sq km

land: 229,891 sq km

water: 8,500 sq km

Taxes and other revenues

16.16% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$775.064 billion (2023 est.)
$756.867 billion (2022 est.)
$727.999 billion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Airports

103 (2025)

Infant mortality rate

total: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

33.9 (2021 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

10.4% (2023 est.)
13.8% (2022 est.)
5.05% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Current account balance

-$24.461 billion (2023 est.)
-$27.326 billion (2022 est.)
-$20.627 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Real GDP per capita

$40,700 (2023 est.)
$39,700 (2022 est.)
$38,100 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 6.63 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 28% (2020 est.)

male: 35.9% (2020 est.)

female: 20% (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.5% (2016)

Energy consumption per capita

59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Death rate

14.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Birth rate

8.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 19.748 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports: 13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports: 10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 127 (2023)

by type: general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Imports

$153.427 billion (2023 est.)
$149.209 billion (2022 est.)
$132.056 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports

$136.488 billion (2023 est.)
$129.286 billion (2022 est.)
$115.879 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Heliports

24 (2025)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 1.96 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2023 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.)

male: 73.4 years

female: 80.5 years

Real GDP growth rate

2.4% (2023 est.)
3.97% (2022 est.)
5.71% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Industrial production growth rate

1.31% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 3.9% (2023 est.)

industry: 26.7% (2023 est.)

services: 60.7% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Revenue from forest resources

0.16% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Education expenditures

3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.94% (2024 est.)

Sources: