Singapore - SG - SGP - SGP - East and Southeast Asia
Last updated: May 05, 2025
Singapore Images
Orchids in the National Orchid Garden in Singapore.
Parliament House in Singapore. The building is in the Civic District of the Downtown Core within the central business district.
The Raffles Hotel in Singapore was founded in 1887; it was named for Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore.
Skyline of the Singapore business district. The larger of two merlions (half-fish/half-lion creatures) may be seen spouting along the pier.
The larger of the two merlions (half-fish/half-lion) on Marina Bay in Singapore stands at 8.6 meters (28 ft) and weighs 70 tons. The word "sing" in Malay means "lion," and the city is often called "Lion City."
The ArtScience Museum on Marina Bay in Singapore resembles a lotus flower. The museum is part of the Marina Bay Sands hotel and casino.
View of the Marina Bay Sands hotel complex in Singapore that opened in 2010 and has since become a city landmark. The upper-level Sky Park, built to resemble a ship, has the world's longest elevated swimming pool, as well as restaurants, gardens, and a public observation deck.
World War I Memorial in Singapore. The Cenotaph in Esplanade Park at Connaught Drive is a tribute to 124 British soldiers born or resident in Singapore who died fighting in World War I. The memorial was dedicated in 1922, and an extension from 1951 honors soldiers who died in World War II.
Entrance to the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple in Singapore in Chinatown, a religious and cultural institution.
The first floor of the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple in Singapore contains the Hundred Dragons or Mitreya Hall with 100 buddhas on both sides of the hall.
The National Orchid Garden in Singapore is inside the 74-hectare (183-acre) Singapore Botanic Gardens, which were founded in 1859.
Orchids in the National Orchid Garden in Singapore.
Parliament House in Singapore. The building is in the Civic District of the Downtown Core within the central business district.
1 of 11
Singapore Factbook Data
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Casey K. MACE (since January 2025)
embassy: 27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508
mailing address: 4280 Singapore Place, Washington DC 20521-4280
telephone: [65] 6476-9100
FAX: [65] 6476-9340
email address and website:
singaporeusembassy@state.gov
https://sg.usembassy.gov/
embassy: 27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508
mailing address: 4280 Singapore Place, Washington DC 20521-4280
telephone: [65] 6476-9100
FAX: [65] 6476-9340
email address and website:
singaporeusembassy@state.gov
https://sg.usembassy.gov/
Age structure
0-14 years: 14.6% (male 455,536/female 424,969)
15-64 years: 71.1% (male 2,157,441/female 2,126,799)
65 years and over: 14.3% (2024 est.) (male 400,653/female 463,061)
15-64 years: 71.1% (male 2,157,441/female 2,126,799)
65 years and over: 14.3% (2024 est.) (male 400,653/female 463,061)
This is the population pyramid for Singapore. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.
For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.
Geographic coordinates
1 22 N, 103 48 E
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Natural hazards
flash floods
Area - comparative
slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, D.C.
slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Military service age and obligation
18-21 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 16.5 years of age for voluntary enlistment (with parental consent); 24-month conscript service obligation, with a reserve obligation to age 40 (enlisted) or age 50 (officers); women are not conscripted, but they are allowed to volunteer for all services and branches, including combat arms (2025)
note 1: all male Singaporean citizens and permanent residents, unless exempted, are required to enter National Service (NS) upon attaining the age of 18; most NS conscripts serve in the Armed Forces, but some go into the Police Force or Civil Defense Force; conscripts comprise over half of the defense establishment
note 2: as of 2022, women made up about 8% of the regular force
note 3: the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) also has a uniformed volunteer auxiliary branch known as the Volunteer Corps (SAFVC); the SAFVC allows citizens and residents not subject to the National Service obligation, including Singaporean women, first generation permanent residents, and naturalized citizens, to contribute towards Singapore's defense; the volunteers must be 18-45 and physically fit
note 4: members of the Gurkha Contingent (GC) of the Singapore Police Force are mostly recruited from a small number of hill tribes in Nepal; the GC was formed in 1949 originally from selected ex-British Army Gurkhas
note 1: all male Singaporean citizens and permanent residents, unless exempted, are required to enter National Service (NS) upon attaining the age of 18; most NS conscripts serve in the Armed Forces, but some go into the Police Force or Civil Defense Force; conscripts comprise over half of the defense establishment
note 2: as of 2022, women made up about 8% of the regular force
note 3: the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) also has a uniformed volunteer auxiliary branch known as the Volunteer Corps (SAFVC); the SAFVC allows citizens and residents not subject to the National Service obligation, including Singaporean women, first generation permanent residents, and naturalized citizens, to contribute towards Singapore's defense; the volunteers must be 18-45 and physically fit
note 4: members of the Gurkha Contingent (GC) of the Singapore Police Force are mostly recruited from a small number of hill tribes in Nepal; the GC was formed in 1949 originally from selected ex-British Army Gurkhas
Background
A Malay trading port known as Temasek existed on the island of Singapore by the 14th century. The settlement changed hands several times in the ensuing centuries and was eventually burned in the 17th century, falling into obscurity. In 1819, the British founded modern Singapore as a trading colony on the same site and granted it full internal self-government for all matters except defense and foreign affairs in 1959. Singapore joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963 but was ousted two years later and became independent. Singapore subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries, with strong international trading links and per capita GDP among the highest globally. The People’s Action Party has won every general election in Singapore since the end of the British colonial era, aided by its success in delivering consistent economic growth, as well as the city-state's fragmented opposition and electoral procedures that strongly favor the ruling party.
Environment - current issues
water pollution; industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; air pollution; deforestation; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia
Environment - international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Military expenditures
3% of GDP (2024 est.)
3% of GDP (2023 est.)
3% of GDP (2022 est.)
3% of GDP (2021 est.)
3% of GDP (2020 est.)
3% of GDP (2023 est.)
3% of GDP (2022 est.)
3% of GDP (2021 est.)
3% of GDP (2020 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 27.5% (2017)
highest 10%: 27.5% (2017)
Exports - commodities
integrated circuits, refined petroleum, machinery, vaccines, gold (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Exports - partners
Hong Kong 13%, China 11%, USA 10%, Malaysia 9%, S. Korea 6% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Administrative divisions
no first order administrative divisions; there are five community development councils: Central Singapore Development Council, North East Development Council, North West Development Council, South East Development Council, South West Development Council (2019)
Agricultural products
chicken, eggs, vegetables, pork, duck, spinach, lettuce, pork offal, cabbages, pork fat (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Military and security forces
Singapore Armed Forces (SAF; aka Singapore Defense Force): Singapore Army, Republic of Singapore Navy, Republic of Singapore Air Force (includes air defense), Digital and Intelligence Service
Ministry of Home Affairs: Singapore Police Force (SPF; includes Police Coast Guard and the Gurkha Contingent) (2025)
note 1: the Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force (GCSPF) is a paramilitary unit for riot control and acts as a rapid reaction force
note 2: the Navy includes the multi-agency standing Maritime Security Task Force (MSTF), which assists the Police Coast Guard in conducting maritime security operations
Ministry of Home Affairs: Singapore Police Force (SPF; includes Police Coast Guard and the Gurkha Contingent) (2025)
note 1: the Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force (GCSPF) is a paramilitary unit for riot control and acts as a rapid reaction force
note 2: the Navy includes the multi-agency standing Maritime Security Task Force (MSTF), which assists the Police Coast Guard in conducting maritime security operations
Budget
revenues: $80.855 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures: $75.448 billion (2022 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
expenditures: $75.448 billion (2022 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Capital
name: Singapore
geographic coordinates: 1 17 N, 103 51 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: name derives from the Sanskrit words simha (lion) and pur (city); according to Malayan folklore, an Indian prince visited Singapore in the 7th century and mistook the first animal he saw for a lion, which is not native to the country
geographic coordinates: 1 17 N, 103 51 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: name derives from the Sanskrit words simha (lion) and pur (city); according to Malayan folklore, an Indian prince visited Singapore in the 7th century and mistook the first animal he saw for a lion, which is not native to the country
Imports - commodities
integrated circuits, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, gold, gas turbines (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Climate
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - northeastern monsoon (December to March) and southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
Coastline
193 km
Constitution
history: several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1965
amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in the second and third readings by the elected Parliament membership and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting sovereignty or control of the Police Force or the Armed Forces requires at least two-thirds majority vote in a referendum
amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in the second and third readings by the elected Parliament membership and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting sovereignty or control of the Police Force or the Armed Forces requires at least two-thirds majority vote in a referendum
Exchange rates
Singapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
1.343 (2023 est.)
1.379 (2022 est.)
1.343 (2021 est.)
1.38 (2020 est.)
1.364 (2019 est.)
Exchange rates:
1.343 (2023 est.)
1.379 (2022 est.)
1.343 (2021 est.)
1.38 (2020 est.)
1.364 (2019 est.)
Executive branch
chief of state: President THARMAN Shanmugaratnam (since 14 September 2023)
head of government: Prime Minister Lawrence WONG (since 15 May 2024)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister; Cabinet responsible to Parliament
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 6-year term (no term limits); election last held on 1 September 2023 (next to be held in 2029); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results:
2023: THARMAN Shanmugaratnam elected president; percent of vote - THARMAN Shanmugaratnam (independent) 70.4%, NG Kok Song (independent) 15.7%, TAN Kin Lian (independent) 13.9%
2017: HALIMAH Yacob declared president on 13 September 2017, being the only eligible candidate
head of government: Prime Minister Lawrence WONG (since 15 May 2024)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister; Cabinet responsible to Parliament
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 6-year term (no term limits); election last held on 1 September 2023 (next to be held in 2029); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results:
2023: THARMAN Shanmugaratnam elected president; percent of vote - THARMAN Shanmugaratnam (independent) 70.4%, NG Kok Song (independent) 15.7%, TAN Kin Lian (independent) 13.9%
2017: HALIMAH Yacob declared president on 13 September 2017, being the only eligible candidate
Flag description
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle; red denotes brotherhood and equality; white signifies purity and virtue; the waxing crescent moon symbolizes a young nation on the ascendancy; the five stars represent the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality
Illicit drugs
drug abuse limited because of aggressive law enforcement efforts, including carrying out death sentences; as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, as a venue for money laundering
Independence
9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)
Industries
electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, biomedical products, scientific instruments, telecommunication equipment, processed food and beverages, ship repair, offshore platform construction, entrepot trade
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court (number of judges varies but includes judicial commissioners, judges of appeal, and international judges); the court is organized into an upper-tier Appeal Court and a lower-tier High Court
judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president from candidates recommended by the prime minister after consultation with the chief justice; judges usually serve until retirement at age 65, but terms can be extended
subordinate courts: district, magistrates', juvenile, family, community, and coroners' courts; small claims tribunals; employment claims tribunals
judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president from candidates recommended by the prime minister after consultation with the chief justice; judges usually serve until retirement at age 65, but terms can be extended
subordinate courts: district, magistrates', juvenile, family, community, and coroners' courts; small claims tribunals; employment claims tribunals
Land boundaries
total: 0 km
Land use
agricultural land: 0.9% (2022 est.)
arable land: 0.8% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 21.2% (2022 est.)
other: 77.9% (2022 est.)
arable land: 0.8% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 21.2% (2022 est.)
other: 77.9% (2022 est.)
Legal system
English common law
Legislative branch
legislature name: Parliament
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 104 (93 directly elected; 9 appointed)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 7/10/2020
parties elected and seats per party: People's Action Party (PAP) (83); Workers' Party (WPS) (10); Other (2)
percentage of women in chamber: 29.6%
expected date of next election: July 2025
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 104 (93 directly elected; 9 appointed)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 7/10/2020
parties elected and seats per party: People's Action Party (PAP) (83); Workers' Party (WPS) (10); Other (2)
percentage of women in chamber: 29.6%
expected date of next election: July 2025
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.5%
male: 98.9%
female: 96.1% (2019)
total population: 97.5%
male: 98.9%
female: 96.1% (2019)
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice
exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice
International organization participation
ADB, AOSIS, APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
National holiday
National Day, 9 August (1965)
Nationality
noun: Singaporean(s)
adjective: Singapore
adjective: Singapore
Natural resources
fish, deepwater ports
Geography - note
focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes; consists of about 60 islands, the largest of which by far is Pulau Ujong; land reclamation has removed many former islands and created a number of new ones
Economic overview
high-income, service-based economy; global financial hub; business-friendly policies and open to investment and trade; inflation easing but persistent in services; public investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure; strong human capital development challenged by aging population
Political parties
People's Action Party or PAP
Progress Singapore Party or PSP
Workers' Party or WP
note: the PAP has won every general election since the end of the British colonial era in 1959
Progress Singapore Party or PSP
Workers' Party or WP
note: the PAP has won every general election since the end of the British colonial era in 1959
Suffrage
21 years of age; universal and compulsory
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: a wealthy city-state, Singapore has a highly developed ICT infrastructure; government supported near universal home broadband penetration and free public access to wireless network; the government's telecommunication regulator, Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), issued awards in mid-2020 to telecom operators with the goal of having at least 50% of the city-state covered with a standalone 5G network by the end of 2022; government actively promoting Smart Nation initiative supporting digital innovation; government oversees service providers and controls Internet content; well served by submarine cable and satellite connections (2021)
domestic: fixed-line is 32 per 100 and mobile-cellular 146 per 100 teledensity (2021)
international: country code - 65; landing points for INDIGO-West, SeaMeWe -3,-4,-5, SIGMAR, SJC, i2icn, PGASCOM, BSCS, IGG, B3JS, SAEx2, APCN-2, APG, ASC, SEAX-1, ASE, EAC-C2C, Matrix Cable System and SJC2 submarine cables providing links throughout Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3, Bukit Timah, Seletar, and Sentosa; supplemented by VSAT coverage (2019 )
domestic: fixed-line is 32 per 100 and mobile-cellular 146 per 100 teledensity (2021)
international: country code - 65; landing points for INDIGO-West, SeaMeWe -3,-4,-5, SIGMAR, SJC, i2icn, PGASCOM, BSCS, IGG, B3JS, SAEx2, APCN-2, APG, ASC, SEAX-1, ASE, EAC-C2C, Matrix Cable System and SJC2 submarine cables providing links throughout Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3, Bukit Timah, Seletar, and Sentosa; supplemented by VSAT coverage (2019 )
Terrain
lowlying, gently undulating central plateau
Government type
parliamentary republic
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Singapore
conventional short form: Singapore
local long form: Republic of Singapore
local short form: Singapore
etymology: name derives from the Sanskrit words simha (lion) and pur (city); according to Malayan folklore, an Indian prince visited Singapore in the 7th century and mistook the first animal he saw for a lion, which is not native to the country
conventional short form: Singapore
local long form: Republic of Singapore
local short form: Singapore
etymology: name derives from the Sanskrit words simha (lion) and pur (city); according to Malayan folklore, an Indian prince visited Singapore in the 7th century and mistook the first animal he saw for a lion, which is not native to the country
Location
Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia
Map references
Southeast Asia
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2022)
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador LUI Tuck Yew (since 30 June 2023)
chancery: 3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 537-3100
FAX: [1] (202) 537-0876
email address and website:
singemb_was@mfa.sg
https://www.mfa.gov.sg/washington/
consulate(s) general: San Francisco
consulate(s): New York
chancery: 3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 537-3100
FAX: [1] (202) 537-0876
email address and website:
singemb_was@mfa.sg
https://www.mfa.gov.sg/washington/
consulate(s) general: San Francisco
consulate(s): New York
Internet users
percent of population: 94% (2023 est.)
Internet country code
.sg
GDP (official exchange rate)
$501.428 billion (2023 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Credit ratings
Fitch rating: AAA (2003)
Moody's rating: Aaa (2002)
Standard & Poors rating: AAA (1995)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Moody's rating: Aaa (2002)
Standard & Poors rating: AAA (1995)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Total renewable water resources
600 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 17 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2020)
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2020)
Urbanization
urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Broadcast media
state controls broadcast media; 6 domestic TV stations operated by MediaCorp which is wholly owned by a state investment company; broadcasts from Malaysian and Indonesian stations available; satellite dishes banned; multi-channel cable TV services available; a total of 19 domestic radio stations broadcasting, with MediaCorp operating 11, Singapore Press Holdings, also government-linked, another 5, 2 controlled by the Singapore Armed Forces Reservists Association and one owned by BBC Radio; Malaysian and Indonesian radio stations are available as is BBC; a number of Internet service radio stations are also available (2019)
Drinking water source
improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: NA
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: NA
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
urban: 100% of population
rural: NA
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: NA
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
National anthem
name: "Majulah Singapura" (Onward Singapore)
lyrics/music: ZUBIR Said
note: adopted 1965; first performed in 1958 at the Victoria Theatre, the anthem is sung only in Malay
lyrics/music: ZUBIR Said
note: adopted 1965; first performed in 1958 at the Victoria Theatre, the anthem is sung only in Malay
This is an audio of the National Anthem for Singapore. The national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition - usually in the form of a song or hymn of praise - that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, or struggles of a nation or its people. National anthems can be officially recognized as a national song by a country's constitution or by an enacted law, or simply by tradition. Although most anthems contain lyrics, some do not.
Major urban areas - population
6.081 million SINGAPORE (capital) (2023)
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Physician density
2.83 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density
2.5 beds/1,000 population (2017)
National symbol(s)
lion, merlion (mythical half lion-half fish creature), orchid; national colors: red, white
Mother's mean age at first birth
30.5 years (2015 est.)
note: data represents median age
note: data represents median age
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 31.3% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 10.2% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.2% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.2% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 174.3% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -136.9% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
government consumption: 10.2% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.2% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.2% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 174.3% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -136.9% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 40.7 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 20.6 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 20.2 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 5 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 20.6 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 20.2 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 5 (2024 est.)
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Singapore
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Singapore
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Population distribution
most of the urbanization is along the southern coast, with relatively dense population clusters found in the central areas
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
9V
Sanitation facility access
improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: NA
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: NA
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
urban: 100% of population
rural: NA
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: NA
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Ethnic groups
Chinese 74.2%, Malay 13.7%, Indian 8.9%, other 3.2% (2021 est.)
note: data represent population by self-identification; the population is divided into four categories: Chinese, Malay (includes indigenous Malays and Indonesians), Indian (includes Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or Sri Lankan), and other ethnic groups (includes Eurasians, Caucasians, Japanese, Filipino, Vietnamese)
note: data represent population by self-identification; the population is divided into four categories: Chinese, Malay (includes indigenous Malays and Indonesians), Indian (includes Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or Sri Lankan), and other ethnic groups (includes Eurasians, Caucasians, Japanese, Filipino, Vietnamese)
Religions
Buddhist 31.1%, Christian 18.9%, Muslim 15.6%, Taoist 8.8%, Hindu 5%, other 0.6%, none 20% (2020 est.)
Languages
English (official) 48.3%, Mandarin (official) 29.9%, other Chinese dialects (includes Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka) 8.7%, Malay (official) 9.2%, Tamil (official) 2.5%, other 1.4% (2020 est.)
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)
世界概況 – 不可缺少的基本消息來源 (Mandarin)
note: data represent language most frequently spoken at home
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)
世界概況 – 不可缺少的基本消息來源 (Mandarin)
note: data represent language most frequently spoken at home
Mandarin audio sample
Imports - partners
China 15%, Malaysia 11%, Taiwan 11%, USA 10%, S. Korea 6% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Elevation
highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m
lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m
lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m
Refugees and internally displaced persons
stateless persons: 1,109 (2022)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
NA
Current health expenditure
5.6% of GDP (2021)
Military - note
the SAF’s primary responsibility is external defense, but it has trained for certain domestic security operations, including joint deterrence patrols with police in instances of heightened terrorism alerts; the Army includes a “people’s defense force,” which is a divisional headquarters responsible for homeland security and counterterrorism
the SAF's roots go back to 1854 when the Singapore Volunteer Rifle Corps was formed under colonial rule; the first battalion of regular soldiers, the First Singapore Infantry Regiment, was organized in 1957; the modern SAF was established in 1965 and is today widely viewed as the best equipped military in Southeast Asia
Singapore is a member of the Five Powers Defense Arrangements (FPDA), a series of mutual assistance agreements reached in 1971 embracing Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK; the FPDA commits the members to consult with one another in the event or threat of an armed attack on any of the members and to mutually decide what measures should be taken, jointly or separately; there is no specific obligation to intervene militarily; Singapore also has close security ties with the US, including granting the US military access, basing, and overflight privileges (2025)
the SAF's roots go back to 1854 when the Singapore Volunteer Rifle Corps was formed under colonial rule; the first battalion of regular soldiers, the First Singapore Infantry Regiment, was organized in 1957; the modern SAF was established in 1965 and is today widely viewed as the best equipped military in Southeast Asia
Singapore is a member of the Five Powers Defense Arrangements (FPDA), a series of mutual assistance agreements reached in 1971 embracing Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK; the FPDA commits the members to consult with one another in the event or threat of an armed attack on any of the members and to mutually decide what measures should be taken, jointly or separately; there is no specific obligation to intervene militarily; Singapore also has close security ties with the US, including granting the US military access, basing, and overflight privileges (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths
information varies; approximately 60,000 active-duty troops (45,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force) (2023)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the SAF has a diverse and largely modern mix of domestically produced and imported Western weapons systems; in recent years, France, Germany, and the US have been among the top suppliers of arms; Singapore has the most developed arms industry in Southeast Asia and is also its largest importer of weapons (2024)
Military deployments
maintains permanent training detachments of military personnel in Australia, France, and the US (2025)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 300 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 340 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 340 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 7,704,300 tons (2017 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 4,699,623 tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 61% (2015 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 4,699,623 tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 61% (2015 est.)
Average household expenditures
on food: 7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 1.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 1.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 13.33 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 37.54 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 4.4 megatons (2020 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 37.54 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 4.4 megatons (2020 est.)
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Singapore Botanic Gardens
selected World Heritage Site locales: Singapore Botanic Gardens
Child marriage
women married by age 18: 0.1% (2022 est.)
Coal
consumption: 1.153 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 97 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 1.326 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 97 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 1.326 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 94.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 3.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 3.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Natural gas
consumption: 13.134 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 399.452 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 13.973 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 399.452 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 13.973 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 1.514 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.57 (2024 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
54.3% (2023 est.)
Remittances
0% of GDP (2023 est.)
0% of GDP (2022 est.)
0% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
0% of GDP (2022 est.)
0% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Ports
total ports: 5 (2024)
large: 2
medium: 1
small: 1
very small: 1
ports with oil terminals: 3
key ports: Jurong Island, Keppel - (East Singapore), Pulau Bukom, Pulau Sebarok
large: 2
medium: 1
small: 1
very small: 1
ports with oil terminals: 3
key ports: Jurong Island, Keppel - (East Singapore), Pulau Bukom, Pulau Sebarok
Labor force
3.615 million (2023 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 8.3% (2023 est.)
male: 6.5% (2023 est.)
female: 10.4% (2023 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
male: 6.5% (2023 est.)
female: 10.4% (2023 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Net migration rate
4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 39.4 years (2024 est.)
male: 38 years
female: 40.6 years
male: 38 years
female: 40.6 years
Debt - external
(2019)
Maternal mortality ratio
7 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$359.835 billion (2023 est.)
$296.629 billion (2022 est.)
$425.098 billion (2021 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
$296.629 billion (2022 est.)
$425.098 billion (2021 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Public debt
150.14% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Total fertility rate
1.17 children born/woman (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate
3.47% (2023 est.)
3.59% (2022 est.)
4.64% (2021 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
3.59% (2022 est.)
4.64% (2021 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Population
total: 6,028,459 (2024 est.)
male: 3,013,630
female: 3,014,829
male: 3,013,630
female: 3,014,829
Carbon dioxide emissions
238.962 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.338 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 210.859 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 25.765 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.338 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 210.859 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 25.765 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Area
total : 719 sq km
land: 709.2 sq km
water: 10 sq km
land: 709.2 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Taxes and other revenues
12.03% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$754.758 billion (2023 est.)
$746.73 billion (2022 est.)
$719.13 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
$746.73 billion (2022 est.)
$719.13 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
Airports
9 (2025)
Infant mortality rate
total: 1.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male: 1.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 1.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 1.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 1.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 9.65 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 156 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 156 (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
45.9 (2017)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
4.82% (2023 est.)
6.12% (2022 est.)
2.3% (2021 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
6.12% (2022 est.)
2.3% (2021 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Current account balance
$99.128 billion (2023 est.)
$89.701 billion (2022 est.)
$86.137 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
$89.701 billion (2022 est.)
$86.137 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Real GDP per capita
$127,500 (2023 est.)
$132,500 (2022 est.)
$131,900 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
$132,500 (2022 est.)
$131,900 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 1.57 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27 (2023 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 16.5% (2020 est.)
male: 28% (2020 est.)
female: 5% (2020 est.)
male: 28% (2020 est.)
female: 5% (2020 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
6.1% (2016)
Energy consumption per capita
643.259 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Death rate
4.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Birth rate
8.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 13.134 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 56.672 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 169.447 million kWh (2023 est.)
consumption: 56.672 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 169.447 million kWh (2023 est.)
Merchant marine
total: 3,202 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 591, container ship 604, general cargo 107, oil tanker 600, other 1,300
by type: bulk carrier 591, container ship 604, general cargo 107, oil tanker 600, other 1,300
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
NA
Imports
$686.656 billion (2023 est.)
$733.876 billion (2022 est.)
$637.165 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
$733.876 billion (2022 est.)
$637.165 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports
$873.989 billion (2023 est.)
$925.952 billion (2022 est.)
$794.47 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
$925.952 billion (2022 est.)
$794.47 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Heliports
1 (2025)
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 1.912 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33 (2023 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 1.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.27 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.27 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 86.7 years (2024 est.)
male: 84 years
female: 89.5 years
male: 84 years
female: 89.5 years
Real GDP growth rate
1.08% (2023 est.)
3.84% (2022 est.)
9.69% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
3.84% (2022 est.)
9.69% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Industrial production growth rate
-2.89% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 0% (2023 est.)
industry: 22.4% (2023 est.)
services: 72.4% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
industry: 22.4% (2023 est.)
services: 72.4% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Revenue from forest resources
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Education expenditures
2.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Population growth rate
0.87% (2024 est.)