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Last updated: April 16, 2024
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  • Radnicki Dom (Workers' Hall), formerly the Grand Hotel, is one of Vukovar's most famous architectural landmarks. From its opening in 1897 until its wartime destruction in 1991, it was the social and cultural center for the town's diverse population. The impetus to rebuild Workers' Hall came from the European Parliament, as part of an initiative to encourage post-conflict recovery and reconciliation through the restoration of architectural monuments destroyed in the 1991-95 war. The faithful reconstruction of the exterior, roof, and basement took two years (May 2011-April 2013) and cost €1.64 million. Fund-raising continues to rebuild the interior, estimated to cost €2.75 million.

    Radnicki Dom (Workers' Hall), formerly the Grand Hotel, is one of Vukovar's most famous architectural landmarks. From its opening in 1897 until its wartime destruction in 1991, it was the social and cultural center for the town's diverse population. The impetus to rebuild Workers' Hall came from the European Parliament, as part of an initiative to encourage post-conflict recovery and reconciliation through the restoration of architectural monuments destroyed in the 1991-95 war. The faithful reconstruction of the exterior, roof, and basement took two years (May 2011-April 2013) and cost €1.64 million. Fund-raising continues to rebuild the interior, estimated to cost €2.75 million.

  • Close up of waterfalls in Plitvice Lakes National Park. The park is the largest and most popular of the eight national parks in Croatia and consists of 16 lakes linked but separated by natural dams.

    Close up of waterfalls in Plitvice Lakes National Park. The park is the largest and most popular of the eight national parks in Croatia and consists of 16 lakes linked but separated by natural dams.

  • A view in Plitvice Lakes National Park looking down into the gorge where the largest waterfalls in the park - draining from one lake to the next - are located. The park has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage Register.

    A view in Plitvice Lakes National Park looking down into the gorge where the largest waterfalls in the park - draining from one lake to the next - are located. The park has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage Register.

  • Statue of King Tomislav in his eponymous square in Zagreb. Tomislav reigned from 910 to 928, first as the Duke of Dalmatia and then as the first King of Croatia.

    Statue of King Tomislav in his eponymous square in Zagreb. Tomislav reigned from 910 to 928, first as the Duke of Dalmatia and then as the first King of Croatia.

  • The beautiful port city of Dubrovnik on the Adriatic Sea. During the Middle Ages this maritime city-state (then called Ragusa) rivaled Venice for supremacy in the Adriatic. Walking along the crest of the massive walls that encircle most of Dubrovnik is an exhilarating, breathtaking experience. In 1979, the city became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

    The beautiful port city of Dubrovnik on the Adriatic Sea. During the Middle Ages this maritime city-state (then called Ragusa) rivaled Venice for supremacy in the Adriatic. Walking along the crest of the massive walls that encircle most of Dubrovnik is an exhilarating, breathtaking experience. In 1979, the city became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

  • A cathedral within the city walls of Dubrovnik.

    A cathedral within the city walls of Dubrovnik.

  • Dubrovnik harbor from outside of the city.

    Dubrovnik harbor from outside of the city.

  • The inner harbor of Dubrovnik.

    The inner harbor of Dubrovnik.

  • From a cliff overview, one can see the enormous walls and large harbor of old Dubrovnik.

    From a cliff overview, one can see the enormous walls and large harbor of old Dubrovnik.

  • Stradun, the main street of Dubrovnik.

    Stradun, the main street of Dubrovnik.

  • Outside the walls of historic Trogir. The town's 2,300 years of continuous urban tradition (Greek, Roman, Venetian, Habsburg) have left a fascinating and unique concentration of palaces, churches, towers, and fortifications. In 1997, Trogir was inscribed onto the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

    Outside the walls of historic Trogir. The town's 2,300 years of continuous urban tradition (Greek, Roman, Venetian, Habsburg) have left a fascinating and unique concentration of palaces, churches, towers, and fortifications. In 1997, Trogir was inscribed onto the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

  • The Palace of the Slavonian General Command in Osijek is the former headquarters building for the Slavonian Military Frontier (part of the Habsburg Military Frontier guarding the border with Ottoman Empire). Constructed between 1724 and 1726, it is a synthesis of Renaissance and Baroque styles. Built on the orders of Prince Eugene of Savoy, it was the seat of the General Command between 1736 and 1786. From 1736 to 1745, it was also the administrative seat for the Kingdom of Slavonia. Today it serves as the office of the rector for the University of Osijek. Located on the northern side of the Holy Trinity square in Tvrđa, it is one of the symbols of Osijek and Croatia and is featured on the reverse of the Croatian 200-kuna banknote.

    The Palace of the Slavonian General Command in Osijek is the former headquarters building for the Slavonian Military Frontier (part of the Habsburg Military Frontier guarding the border with Ottoman Empire). Constructed between 1724 and 1726, it is a synthesis of Renaissance and Baroque styles. Built on the orders of Prince Eugene of Savoy, it was the seat of the General Command between 1736 and 1786. From 1736 to 1745, it was also the administrative seat for the Kingdom of Slavonia. Today it serves as the office of the rector for the University of Osijek. Located on the northern side of the Holy Trinity square in Tvrđa, it is one of the symbols of Osijek and Croatia and is featured on the reverse of the Croatian 200-kuna banknote.

  • Osijek, the largest city and economic capital of eastern Croatia, lies on the the Drava River, 25 km upstream from the Danube. Its Old Town, referred to as Tvrda (Citadel), consists of a Habsburg-era fortress and has some of the best preserved baroque buildings in the country. The former Guardhouse, built in 1729, now hosts the Archaeological Museum.

    Osijek, the largest city and economic capital of eastern Croatia, lies on the the Drava River, 25 km upstream from the Danube. Its Old Town, referred to as Tvrda (Citadel), consists of a Habsburg-era fortress and has some of the best preserved baroque buildings in the country. The former Guardhouse, built in 1729, now hosts the Archaeological Museum.

  • Osijek, the largest city and economic capital of eastern Croatia, lies on the the Drava River, 25 km upstream from the Danube. Its Old Town, referred to as Tvrda (Citadel), consists of a Habsburg-era fortress and has some of the best preserved baroque buildings in the country. The Holy Trinity column on the fort's main square dates to 1730 and was erected in thanksgiving for the lifting of a plague.

    Osijek, the largest city and economic capital of eastern Croatia, lies on the the Drava River, 25 km upstream from the Danube. Its Old Town, referred to as Tvrda (Citadel), consists of a Habsburg-era fortress and has some of the best preserved baroque buildings in the country. The Holy Trinity column on the fort's main square dates to 1730 and was erected in thanksgiving for the lifting of a plague.

  • Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.

    Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.

  • Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.

    Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.

  • Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.

    Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.

  • Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.

    Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.

  • Radnicki Dom (Workers' Hall), formerly the Grand Hotel, is one of Vukovar's most famous architectural landmarks. From its opening in 1897 until its wartime destruction in 1991, it was the social and cultural center for the town's diverse population. The impetus to rebuild Workers' Hall came from the European Parliament, as part of an initiative to encourage post-conflict recovery and reconciliation through the restoration of architectural monuments destroyed in the 1991-95 war. The faithful reconstruction of the exterior, roof, and basement took two years (May 2011-April 2013) and cost €1.64 million. Fund-raising continues to rebuild the interior, estimated to cost €2.75 million.

    Radnicki Dom (Workers' Hall), formerly the Grand Hotel, is one of Vukovar's most famous architectural landmarks. From its opening in 1897 until its wartime destruction in 1991, it was the social and cultural center for the town's diverse population. The impetus to rebuild Workers' Hall came from the European Parliament, as part of an initiative to encourage post-conflict recovery and reconciliation through the restoration of architectural monuments destroyed in the 1991-95 war. The faithful reconstruction of the exterior, roof, and basement took two years (May 2011-April 2013) and cost €1.64 million. Fund-raising continues to rebuild the interior, estimated to cost €2.75 million.

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  • This view features the Dalmatian coastline of Croatia around the city of Split. Much of the region can be characterized by northwest-southeast oriented linear islands and embayments of the Adriatic Sea. This distinctive coastal geomorphology is the result of faulting caused by tectonic activity in the region and sea level rise. Photo courtesy of NASA.
  • Close up of waterfalls in Plitvice Lakes National Park. The park is the largest and most popular of the eight national parks in Croatia and consists of 16 lakes linked but separated by natural dams.
  • A view in Plitvice Lakes National Park looking down into the gorge where the largest waterfalls in the park - draining from one lake to the next - are located. The park has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage Register.
  • Statue of King Tomislav in his eponymous square in Zagreb. Tomislav reigned from 910 to 928, first as the Duke of Dalmatia and then as the first King of Croatia.
  • The beautiful port city of Dubrovnik on the Adriatic Sea. During the Middle Ages this maritime city-state (then called Ragusa) rivaled Venice for supremacy in the Adriatic. Walking along the crest of the massive walls that encircle most of Dubrovnik is an exhilarating, breathtaking experience. In 1979, the city became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • A cathedral within the city walls of Dubrovnik.
  • Dubrovnik harbor from outside of the city.
  • The inner harbor of Dubrovnik.
  • From a cliff overview, one can see the enormous walls and large harbor of old Dubrovnik.
  • Stradun, the main street of Dubrovnik.
  • Outside the walls of historic Trogir. The town's 2,300 years of continuous urban tradition (Greek, Roman, Venetian, Habsburg) have left a fascinating and unique concentration of palaces, churches, towers, and fortifications. In 1997, Trogir was inscribed onto the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
  • The Palace of the Slavonian General Command in Osijek is the former headquarters building for the Slavonian Military Frontier (part of the Habsburg Military Frontier guarding the border with Ottoman Empire). Constructed between 1724 and 1726, it is a synthesis of Renaissance and Baroque styles. Built on the orders of Prince Eugene of Savoy, it was the seat of the General Command between 1736 and 1786. From 1736 to 1745, it was also the administrative seat for the Kingdom of Slavonia. Today it serves as the office of the rector for the University of Osijek. Located on the northern side of the Holy Trinity square in Tvrđa, it is one of the symbols of Osijek and Croatia and is featured on the reverse of the Croatian 200-kuna banknote.
  • Osijek, the largest city and economic capital of eastern Croatia, lies on the the Drava River, 25 km upstream from the Danube. Its Old Town, referred to as Tvrda (Citadel), consists of a Habsburg-era fortress and has some of the best preserved baroque buildings in the country. The former Guardhouse, built in 1729, now hosts the Archaeological Museum.
  • Osijek, the largest city and economic capital of eastern Croatia, lies on the the Drava River, 25 km upstream from the Danube. Its Old Town, referred to as Tvrda (Citadel), consists of a Habsburg-era fortress and has some of the best preserved baroque buildings in the country. The Holy Trinity column on the fort's main square dates to 1730 and was erected in thanksgiving for the lifting of a plague.
  • Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.
  • Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.
  • Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.
  • Vukovar, on the confluence of the Vuka and Danube Rivers, is Croatia's largest river port. The city was almost completely destroyed during an 87-day siege by Yugoslav forces and Serbian militias from August to November 1991 after Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The city has been largely rebuilt but certain buildings remain unrepaired as reminders of the fighting that resulted in 2,000 defenders killed, several hundred soldiers and civilians massacred after the city fell, and at least 20,000 inhabitants expelled. The fighting for Vukovar has been described as the worst in Europe since World War II; the city's population today is only about 60% of its pre-war total.
  • Radnicki Dom (Workers' Hall), formerly the Grand Hotel, is one of Vukovar's most famous architectural landmarks. From its opening in 1897 until its wartime destruction in 1991, it was the social and cultural center for the town's diverse population. The impetus to rebuild Workers' Hall came from the European Parliament, as part of an initiative to encourage post-conflict recovery and reconciliation through the restoration of architectural monuments destroyed in the 1991-95 war. The faithful reconstruction of the exterior, roof, and basement took two years (May 2011-April 2013) and cost €1.64 million. Fund-raising continues to rebuild the interior, estimated to cost €2.75 million.

Croatia Factbook Data

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Nathalie RAYES (since 25 January 2024)

embassy: Ulica Thomasa Jeffersona 2, 10010 Zagreb

mailing address: 5080 Zagreb Place, Washington DC  20521-5080

telephone: [385] (1) 661-2200

FAX: [385] (1) 665-8933

email address and website:
ZagrebACS@state.gov

https://hr.usembassy.gov/

Age structure

0-14 years: 13.98% (male 300,575/female 282,165)

15-64 years: 63.39% (male 1,319,878/female 1,322,953)

65 years and over: 22.63% (2023 est.) (male 391,632/female 552,036)
2023 population pyramid
This is the population pyramid for Croatia. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.

Geographic coordinates

45 10 N, 15 30 E

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Heliports

4 (2024)

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than West Virginia
Area comparison map

slightly smaller than West Virginia

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2024)

note: as of 2021, women comprised nearly 15% of the military's full-time personnel

Background

The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state consisting of six socialist republics, including Croatia, under the strong hand of Josip Broz, aka TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before Yugoslav forces were cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in 2009 and the EU in 2013. In January 2023, Croatia further integrated into the EU by joining the Eurozone and the Schengen Area.

Environment - current issues

air pollution improving but still a concern in urban settings and in emissions arriving from neighboring countries; surface water pollution in the Danube River Basin

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Population below poverty line

18% (2021 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.9%

highest 10%: 22.3% (2020 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Exports - commodities

refined petroleum, crude petroleum, packaged medicines, electricity, electrical transformers (2021)

Exports - partners

Italy 13%, Germany 13%, Slovenia 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9%, Austria 6%, Serbia 5% (2019)

Administrative divisions

20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad - singular) with special county status; Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska (Bjelovar-Bilogora), Brodsko-Posavska (Brod-Posavina), Dubrovacko-Neretvanska (Dubrovnik-Neretva), Istarska (Istria), Karlovacka (Karlovac), Koprivnicko-Krizevacka (Koprivnica-Krizevci), Krapinsko-Zagorska (Krapina-Zagorje), Licko-Senjska (Lika-Senj), Medimurska (Medimurje), Osjecko-Baranjska (Osijek-Baranja), Pozesko-Slavonska (Pozega-Slavonia), Primorsko-Goranska (Primorje-Gorski Kotar), Sibensko-Kninska (Sibenik-Knin), Sisacko-Moslavacka (Sisak-Moslavina), Splitsko-Dalmatinska (Split-Dalmatia), Varazdinska (Varazdin), Viroviticko-Podravska (Virovitica-Podravina), Vukovarsko-Srijemska (Vukovar-Syrmia), Zadarska (Zadar), Zagreb*, Zagrebacka (Zagreb county)

Agricultural products

maize, wheat, sugar beet, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, pork, grapes, sunflower seed

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH): Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM; includes Coast Guard), Air Force (Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo, HRZ) (2024)

note: the Ministry of the Interior is responsible for internal security, including law enforcement (Croatia Police) and border security

Budget

revenues: $212.81 billion (2019 est.)

expenditures: $211.069 billion (2019 est.)

Capital

name: Zagreb

geographic coordinates: 45 48 N, 16 00 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the name seems to be related to "digging"; archeologists suggest that the original settlement was established beyond a water-filled hole or graba and that the name derives from this; za in Slavic means "beyond"; the overall meaning may be "beyond the trench (fault, channel, ditch)"

Imports - commodities

crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, electricity (2019)

Climate

Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast

Coastline

5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)

Constitution

history: several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990

amendments: proposed by at least one fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum and promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
7.16 (2022 est.)
6.36 (2021 est.)
6.614 (2020 est.)
6.623 (2019 est.)
6.279 (2018 est.)

note: Rates shown through 2022 are for the kuna, which Croatia used prior to conversion to the euro on 1 January 2023. During the transition period the exchange rate was fixed at 7.53450 kuna to 1 euro.

Executive branch

chief of state: President Zoran MILANOVIC (since 18 February 2020)

head of government: Prime Minister Andrej PLENKOVIC (since 19 October 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Tomo MEDVED (since 23 July 2020), Davor BOZINOVIC (since 12 July 2019), Oleg BUTKOVIC (since 15 July 2022), Branko BACIC (since 17 January 2023), Anja SIMPRAG (since 29 April 2022)

cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly

elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 December 2019 with a runoff on 5 January 2020 (next to be held in 2024); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly

election results:
2019: Zoran MILANOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Zoran MILANOVIC (SDP) 52.7%, Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 47.3%

2015: Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 50.7%, Ivo JOSIPOVIC (Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance) 49.3%

Fiscal year

calendar year

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

Illicit drugs

drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets

 

Independence

25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia); note - 25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence; following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia; notable earlier dates: ca. 925 (Kingdom of Croatia established); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established)

Industries

chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the court president and vice president, 25 civil department justices, and 16 criminal department justices)

judge selection and term of office: president of Supreme Court nominated by the president of Croatia and elected by the Sabor for a 4-year term; other Supreme Court justices appointed by the National Judicial Council; all judges serve until age 70

subordinate courts: Administrative Court; county, municipal, and specialized courts; note - there is an 11-member Constitutional Court with jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues but is outside of the judicial system

Land boundaries

total: 2,237 km

border countries (5): Bosnia and Herzegovina 956 km; Hungary 348 km; Montenegro 19 km; Serbia 314 km; Slovenia 600 km

Land use

agricultural land: 23.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 16% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)

forest: 34.4% (2018 est.)

other: 41.9% (2018 est.)

Legal system

civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Assembly or Hrvatski Sabor (151 seats; 140 members in 10 multi-seat constituencies and 3 members in a single constituency for Croatian diaspora directly elected by proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method with a 5% threshold; an additional 8 members elected from a nationwide constituency by simple majority by voters belonging to minorities recognized by Croatia; the Serb minority elects 3 Assembly members, the Hungarian and Italian minorities elect 1 each, the Czech and Slovak minorities elect 1 jointly, and all other minorities elect 2; all members serve 4-year terms

elections: early election held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held on 17 April 2024)

election results:
percent of vote by party/coalition - HDZ-led coalition 37.3%, Restart coalition 24.9%, DP-led coalition 10.9%, MOST 7.4%, Green-Left coalition 7%, P-F-SSIP 4%, HNS-LD 1.3%, NS-R 1%, other 6.2%; seats by party/coalition - HDZ-led coalition 66, Restart coalition 41, DP-led coalition 16, MOST 8, Green-Left coalition 7, P-F-SSIP 3, HNS-LD 1, NS-R 1, national minorities 8; note - as of January 2024 - HDZ 62, SDP 14, Social Democrats 11, MOST 7, DP 5, HS 4, We Can! 4, HSS 3, SDSS 3, Focus 2, HDS 2, HSLS 2, IDS 2, BLOK 1, Center 1, GLAS 1, HNS 1, HRB 1, NS-R 1, NL 1, OIP 1, PH 1, RF 1, SSIP 1, independent 19; composition as of January 2021 - men 100, women 51, percent of women 33.8%

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99.4%

male: 99.7%

female: 99.2% (2021)

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

International organization participation

AIIB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EMU, EU, FAO, G-11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

National holiday

Statehood Day (National Day), 30 May (1990); note - marks the day in 1990 that the first modern multi-party Croatian parliament convened

Nationality

noun: Croat(s), Croatian(s)

adjective: Croatian

note: the French designation of "Croate" to Croatian mercenaries in the 17th century eventually became "Cravate" and later came to be applied to the soldiers' scarves - the cravat; Croatia celebrates Cravat Day every 18 October

Natural resources

oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower

Geography - note

controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks

Economic overview

tourism-based economy that was one of the hardest hit by COVID-19 economic disruptions; newest euro user since 2023, helping recover from a 6-year recession; public debt increases due to COVID-19 and stimulus packages; weak exports; continuing emigration; new liquefied natural gas import terminal

Pipelines

2,410 km gas, 610 km oil (2011)

Political parties and leaders

Bloc for Croatia or BLOK or BZH [Zlatko HASANBEGOVIC]
The Bridge or MOST [Bozo PETROV] (formerly the Bridge of Independent Lists)
Center or Centar [Ivica PULJAK] (formerly Pametno and Party with a First and Last Name or SSIP) 
Civic Liberal Alliance or GLAS [Ankar Mrak TARITAS]
Croatian Demochristian Party or HDS [Goran DODIG]
Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Branimir GLAVAS]
Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC]
Croatian Democratic Union-led coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB)
Croatian Party of Pensioners or HSU [Veselko GABRICEVIC]
Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK]
Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS or HNS-LD [Mirko KOROTAJ, acting]
Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Dario HREBAK]
Croatian Sovereignists or HS [Marijan PAVLICEK]
Determination and Justice Party or OIP [Karolina Vidović KRISTO]
Focus on the Important or Focus [Davor NADI]
Green-Left coalition [collective leadership] (includes MOZEMO!, NL)
Homeland Movement or DP [Ivan PENAVA] (also known as Miroslav Škoro Homeland Movement or DPMS)
Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Milorad PUPOVAC]
Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Dalibor PAUS]
New Left or NL [Ivana KEKIN]
People's Party - Reformists or NS-R [Radimir CACIC]
Pulse of Croatia or HRB [Ante PRKACIN]
Restart Coalition (includes SDP, HSS, HSU, GLAS, IDS, NS-R)
Righteous Croatia or PH [Milan VRKLJAN]
Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Peda GRBIN]
Social Democrats or SD [Davorko VIDOVIC]
We Can! or Mozemo! [collective leadership]
Workers' Front or RF [collective leadership]

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Split

oil terminal(s): Omisalj

LNG terminal(s) (import): Krk Island

river port(s): Vukovar (Danube)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: the mobile market is served by three MNOs, supplemented by a number of MVNOs; the network operators have focused on improving ARPU by encouraging prepaid subscribers to migrate to postpaid plans, and on developing revenue from mobile data services; 5G services are widely available, though the sector will only show its full potential later in 2021 following the award of licenses in several bands; this will contribute towards the government’s national broadband plan to 2027, which is tied to the EC’s two allied projects aimed at providing gigabit connectivity by the end of 2025; the broadband sector benefits from effective competition between the DSL and cable platforms, while there are also numerous fiber deployments in urban areas; the number of FttP subscribers broached 134,000 in March 2021. (2021)

domestic: fixed-line teledensity 31 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions are 108 per 100 (2021)

international: country code - 385;  the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik (2019)

Terrain

geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands

Government type

parliamentary republic

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Croatia

conventional short form: Croatia

local long form: Republika Hrvatska

local short form: Hrvatska

former: People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia

etymology: name derives from the Croats, a Slavic tribe who migrated to the Balkans in the 7th century A.D.

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia

Map references

Europe

Irrigated land

171 sq km (2020)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Pjer SIMUNOVIC (since 8 September 2017)

chancery: 2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 588-5899

FAX: [1] (202) 588-8937

email address and website:
washington@mvep.hr

https://mvep.gov.hr/embassy-114969/114969

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Seattle (WA), Washington, DC

consulate(s): Anchorage (AL), Houston, Kansas City (MO), New Orleans, Pittsburgh (PA)

Internet country code

.hr

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: intermediate (2023)

vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 24,525 (Ukraine) (as of 29 February 2024)

stateless persons: 2,889 (2022)

note: 843,010 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2023)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$71.6 billion (2022 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: BBB- (2019)

Moody's rating: Ba1 (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2019)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Total renewable water resources

105.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years

male: 14 years

female: 16 years (2020)

Urbanization

urban population: 58.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030

Broadcast media

the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; 29 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 4 national radio networks and 23 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and 117 local radio stations (2019)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

National anthem

name: "Lijepa nasa domovino" (Our Beautiful Homeland)

lyrics/music: Antun MIHANOVIC/Josip RUNJANIN

note: adopted in 1972 while still part of Yugoslavia; "Lijepa nasa domovino," whose lyrics were written in 1835, served as an unofficial anthem beginning in 1891
This is an audio of the National Anthem for Croatia. The national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition - usually in the form of a song or hymn of praise - that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, or struggles of a nation or its people. National anthems can be officially recognized as a national song by a country's constitution or by an enacted law, or simply by tradition. Although most anthems contain lyrics, some do not.

Major urban areas - population

684,000 ZAGREB (capital) (2023)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Physicians density

3.47 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Hospital bed density

5.5 beds/1,000 population (2017)

National symbol(s)

red-white checkerboard; national colors: red, white, blue

Mother's mean age at first birth

29 years (2020 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 19.5% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 20% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 51.1% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -48.8% (2017 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 56.5

youth dependency ratio: 22.1

elderly dependency ratio: 34.4

potential support ratio: 2.9 (2021 est.)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Croatia

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Population distribution

more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2021)

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 18

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,093,577 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 530,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

9A

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 99.5% of population

rural: 98.4% of population

total: 99% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.5% of population

rural: 1.6% of population

total: 1% of population (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Croat 91.6%, Serb 3.2%, other 3.9% (including Bosniak, Romani, Albanian, Italian, and Hungarian), unspecified 1.3% (2021 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 79%, Orthodox 3.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other Christian 4.8%, Muslim 1.3%, other 1.1%, agnostic 1.7%, none or atheist 4.7%, unspecified 3.9% (2021 est.)

Languages

Croatian (official) 95.2%, Serbian 1.2%, other 3.1% (including Bosnian, Romani, Albanian, and Italian) unspecified 0.5% (2021 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, nužan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Croatian audio sample

Imports - partners

Italy 14%, Germany 14%, Slovenia 11%, Hungary 7%, Austria 6% (2019)

Disputes - international

dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piranski Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led to Slovenia lifting its objections to Croatia joining the EU; Croatia joined the Schengen Zone on 1 January 2023

Elevation

highest point: Dinara 1,831 m

lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 331 m

Contraceptive prevalence rate

NA

Current health expenditure

7.8% of GDP (2020)

Military - note

the Armed Forces of Croatia (OSRH) are responsible for the defense of Croatia’s sovereignty and territory, contributing to international humanitarian, peacekeeping, and security missions, and providing assistance to civil authorities for such missions as responding to disasters, search and rescue, anti-terrorism, and internal security in times of crisis if called upon by the prime minister or the president; Croatia joined NATO in 2009, and the OSRH participates in NATO missions, including its peacekeeping force in Kosovo and the Enhanced Forward Presence mission in Eastern Europe; it also contributes to EU and UN missions; the OSRH trains regularly with NATO and regional partners  

the OSRH was established in 1991 from the Croatian National Guard during the Croatian War of Independence (1991-95); during the war, the ground forces grew to as many as 60 brigades and dozens of independent battalions, and a single military offensive against Serbian forces in 1995 included some 100,000 Croatian troops; in 2000, Croatia initiated an effort to modernize and reform the OSRH into a small, professional military capable of meeting the challenges of NATO membership; the current 15,000-strong military’s principal combat forces are two mechanized infantry brigades, a small joint service special operations command, a flotilla of missile boats and coastal patrol vessels, and a squadron of Soviet-era fighter aircraft that are in the process of being replaced by more modern French aircraft  (2023)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 15,000 active-duty personnel (10,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air force; 2,000 joint/other) (2023)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era equipment and a growing amount of more modern weapon systems from Western suppliers, including France, Germany, and the US (2024)

Military deployments

150 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); 175 Lithuania (NATO; Croatia also has a few hundred personnel participating in several other EU, NATO, and UN missions (2024)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 460 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 700 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 80 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.654 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 269,933 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 16.3% (2015 est.)

Average household expenditures

on food: 23% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 2.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 15.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 17.49 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 3.98 megatons (2020 est.)

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 10 (8 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Plitvice Lakes National Park (n); Historic Split (c); Old City of Dubrovnik (c); Euphrasian Basilica; Historic Trogir (c); Šibenik Cathedral (c); Stari Grad Plain (c); Zadar and Fort St. Nikola Venetian Defense Works (c); Primeval Beech Forests (n); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c)

Coal

production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 643,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 2,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 644,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 41% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 16.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 31.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 9.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Natural gas

production: 851.005 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

consumption: 3,009,113,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

exports: 34.462 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

imports: 2,131,802,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 24.919 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 12,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 71,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 65,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 71 million barrels (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.71 (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

50.8% (2023 est.)

Remittances

7.53% of GDP (2022 est.)
7.28% of GDP (2021 est.)
7.25% of GDP (2020 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 3 (2024)

global geoparks and regional networks: Biokovo-Imotski Lakes; Papuk; Vis Archipelago (2024)

Labor force

1.732 million (2022 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 23.6% (2021 est.)

male: 21.8%

female: 26.3%

Net migration rate

-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Median age

total: 44.8 years (2023 est.)

male: 42.9 years

female: 46.7 years

Debt - external

$48.263 billion (2019 est.)
$51.176 billion (2018 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$29.726 billion (2022 est.)
$28.309 billion (2021 est.)
$23.254 billion (2020 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Waterways

4,714 km (2022) Danube 2,859 km, Sava 562 km, Drava 505 km, Neretva 20 km, Bosut 151 km, Kupa 296 km, Mura 53 km, Korana 134 km, Lonja 134 km

Refined petroleum products - imports

35,530 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Public debt

91% of GDP (2021 est.)
98.78% of GDP (2020 est.)
81.68% of GDP (2019 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Total fertility rate

1.46 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Military expenditures

1.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.8% of GDP (2022)
2% of GDP (2021)
1.7% of GDP (2020)
1.6% of GDP (2019)

Unemployment rate

6.96% (2022 est.)
7.61% (2021 est.)
7.51% (2020 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Population

4,169,239 (2023 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

0.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Internet users

total: 3.321 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 81% (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

16.752 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 1.674 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 9.4 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 5.678 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Area

total: 56,594 sq km

land: 55,974 sq km

water: 620 sq km

Taxes and other revenues

20.13% (of GDP) (2021 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$132.256 billion (2022 est.)
$124.363 billion (2021 est.)
$109.296 billion (2020 est.)

note: data in 2017 dollars

Roadways

total: 26,958 km (2022)

Airports

40 (2024)

Infant mortality rate

total: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)

male: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 8.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 4,402,213 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 108 (2021 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

29.5 (2020 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

10.78% (2022 est.)
2.55% (2021 est.)
0.15% (2020 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Refined petroleum products - exports

40,530 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Current account balance

-$1.464 billion (2022 est.)
$2.082 billion (2021 est.)
-$184.775 million (2020 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Real GDP per capita

$34,300 (2022 est.)
$32,100 (2021 est.)
$27,000 (2020 est.)

note: data in 2017 dollars

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 1,030,973 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 25 (2020 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 36.9% (2020 est.)

male: 37.6% (2020 est.)

female: 36.1% (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

24.4% (2016)

Energy consumption per capita

89.733 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Death rate

13 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Birth rate

8.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 4.94 million kW (2020 est.)

consumption: 16,790,680,000 kWh (2019 est.)

exports: 5.852 billion kWh (2020 est.)

imports: 10.491 billion kWh (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 1.659 billion kWh (2019 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 384 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 10, general cargo 32, oil tanker 14, other 328

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Imports

$46.307 billion (2022 est.)
$36.331 billion (2021 est.)
$27.954 billion (2020 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports

$41.953 billion (2022 est.)
$35.308 billion (2021 est.)
$24.007 billion (2020 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 1,234,915 (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

74,620 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 9.64 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 4.75 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 3.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 1.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 77.5 years (2023 est.)

male: 74.4 years

female: 80.8 years

Real GDP growth rate

6.35% (2022 est.)
13.78% (2021 est.)
-8.59% (2020 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Industrial production growth rate

2.69% (2022 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Railways

total: 2,617 km (2020) 980 km electrified

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 3.7% (2017 est.)

industry: 26.2% (2017 est.)

services: 70.1% (2017 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Education expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.47% (2023 est.)
Sources: