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Last updated: May 07, 2025
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  • Stromboli Volcano in the Aeolian Islands in Italy. Mount Stromboli has been in almost continuous eruption for more than 2,000 years; its last serious eruption occurred in 1921. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.

    Stromboli Volcano in the Aeolian Islands in Italy. Mount Stromboli has been in almost continuous eruption for more than 2,000 years; its last serious eruption occurred in 1921. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.

  • The Castel Sant'Angelo along the Tiber River in Rome, Italy, is also known as the Mausoleum of Hadrian. The Roman emperor built it as a tomb for himself and his family around A.D. 135. Succeeding emperors were also entombed there. The structure has since served as a fortress, a castle, and a museum.

    The Castel Sant'Angelo along the Tiber River in Rome, Italy, is also known as the Mausoleum of Hadrian. The Roman emperor built it as a tomb for himself and his family around A.D. 135. Succeeding emperors were also entombed there. The structure has since served as a fortress, a castle, and a museum.

  • The Colosseum in Rome, Italy was first used in A.D. 80. and it held 50,000 spectators. The name "Colosseum" was introduced in medieval times and referred to a giant statue of Nero that stood nearby. The arena was a wooden floor covered with sand, with rooms and passageways underneath for performers, sets, and animals and it could be flooded to recreate sea battles. Spectator seating was divided into three sections: ordinary people sat in the upper level, the better-off in the middle sections, and the elite in the lower level.

    The Colosseum in Rome, Italy was first used in A.D. 80. and it held 50,000 spectators. The name "Colosseum" was introduced in medieval times and referred to a giant statue of Nero that stood nearby. The arena was a wooden floor covered with sand, with rooms and passageways underneath for performers, sets, and animals and it could be flooded to recreate sea battles. Spectator seating was divided into three sections: ordinary people sat in the upper level, the better-off in the middle sections, and the elite in the lower level.

  • The Spanish Steps in the Plaza di Spagna in Rome, Italy. The steps were built with a legacy from France in 1725 and lead to a French church, the Trinita del Monti.

    The Spanish Steps in the Plaza di Spagna in Rome, Italy. The steps were built with a legacy from France in 1725 and lead to a French church, the Trinita del Monti.

  • The Pantheon in the Plaza della Rotonda in Rome, Italy, dating from about A.D. 126 when the Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it over Marcus Agrippa's original temple dating from 27 B.C. The name comes from the Greek words "pan" (all) and "theos" (god). The Pantheon has been a Christian church since about 608.

    The Pantheon in the Plaza della Rotonda in Rome, Italy, dating from about A.D. 126 when the Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it over Marcus Agrippa's original temple dating from 27 B.C. The name comes from the Greek words "pan" (all) and "theos" (god). The Pantheon has been a Christian church since about 608.

  • Trajan's Column, a triumphal column in Rome, Italy, commemorates Roman Emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars (A.D. 101-102, 105-106).

    Trajan's Column, a triumphal column in Rome, Italy, commemorates Roman Emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars (A.D. 101-102, 105-106).

  • The obelisk in the Plaza Navona in Rome, Italy, was created in Aswan, Egypt, in the 1st century A.D. at the request of Emperor Domitian and formerly stood in the Circus Maximus. The Fountain of Four Rivers (Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi) surrounds the obelisk and was added by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1651. The fountain's four river gods represent the four continents under papal authority.

    The obelisk in the Plaza Navona in Rome, Italy, was created in Aswan, Egypt, in the 1st century A.D. at the request of Emperor Domitian and formerly stood in the Circus Maximus. The Fountain of Four Rivers (Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi) surrounds the obelisk and was added by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1651. The fountain's four river gods represent the four continents under papal authority.

  • The Trevi Fountain in Rome, Italy, designed by Nicola Salvi in 1732. It depicts Neptune's chariot being led by Tritons with sea horses -- one wild and one docile -- representing the varying moods of the sea.

    The Trevi Fountain in Rome, Italy, designed by Nicola Salvi in 1732. It depicts Neptune's chariot being led by Tritons with sea horses -- one wild and one docile -- representing the varying moods of the sea.

  • The Arch of Septimius Severus, located in the Forum in Rome, Italy, is a triumphal arch built by the Emperor Septimius Severus to commemorate his victory over the Parthian Empire. Completed in A.D. 203, the monument is almost 21 meters high, over 23 meters wide, and faced with white marble.

    The Arch of Septimius Severus, located in the Forum in Rome, Italy, is a triumphal arch built by the Emperor Septimius Severus to commemorate his victory over the Parthian Empire. Completed in A.D. 203, the monument is almost 21 meters high, over 23 meters wide, and faced with white marble.

  • A nighttime view of Trajan's Market in Rome, Italy. Now a complex of ruins, it was built in A.D. 100-110. Its upper floor was filled with offices, and a road divided it from the lower floor, which held shops.

    A nighttime view of Trajan's Market in Rome, Italy. Now a complex of ruins, it was built in A.D. 100-110. Its upper floor was filled with offices, and a road divided it from the lower floor, which held shops.

  • One of the allegorical statues at the foot of the Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II) in Rome, Italy. Victor Emmanuel was the first king of a unified Italy, ruling from 1861-1878.

    One of the allegorical statues at the foot of the Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II) in Rome, Italy. Victor Emmanuel was the first king of a unified Italy, ruling from 1861-1878.

  • The Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland) in Rome honors the first King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II. Designed by Giuseppe Sacconi, the monument was built between 1895 and 1911 and contains a museum dedicated to the history of the unification of Italy, as well as a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

    The Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland) in Rome honors the first King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II. Designed by Giuseppe Sacconi, the monument was built between 1895 and 1911 and contains a museum dedicated to the history of the unification of Italy, as well as a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

  • View of Amalfi, Italy, with Mount Cerreto (1,315 m; 4,314 ft) in the background. Amalfi was a maritime power with 70,000 residents until 1343, when an earthquake and subsequent tsunami destroyed most of the city. The tower of the Amalfi Cathedral (Duomo di Amalfi), built in 1208, can be seen in the foreground.

    View of Amalfi, Italy, with Mount Cerreto (1,315 m; 4,314 ft) in the background. Amalfi was a maritime power with 70,000 residents until 1343, when an earthquake and subsequent tsunami destroyed most of the city. The tower of the Amalfi Cathedral (Duomo di Amalfi), built in 1208, can be seen in the foreground.

  • View of homes in Positano on the rugged Amalfi Coast in Italy. The city is about 18 km east of the city of Amalfi and was a prosperous port in the Amalfi Republic during the 16th and 17th centuries.

    View of homes in Positano on the rugged Amalfi Coast in Italy. The city is about 18 km east of the city of Amalfi and was a prosperous port in the Amalfi Republic during the 16th and 17th centuries.

  • The Palazzo Vecchio (Old Palace), built between 1298 and 1314, is the traditional seat of the Florentine government in Italy. Its Torre d'Arnolfo (Arnolfo Tower) is 94m (308 ft) high and is a symbol of the city. The building, which stands on the Piazza della Signoria, is fronted by several famous statutes.

    The Palazzo Vecchio (Old Palace), built between 1298 and 1314, is the traditional seat of the Florentine government in Italy. Its Torre d'Arnolfo (Arnolfo Tower) is 94m (308 ft) high and is a symbol of the city. The building, which stands on the Piazza della Signoria, is fronted by several famous statutes.

  • The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) in Florence, Italy, is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Construction began in 1294, and it was consecrated in 1442. Many of the basilica’s 16 chapels are decorated with frescos by Giotto and his students, and famous Italians such as Galileo, Machiavelli, and Michelangelo are buried in the basilica. In 1982, the Basilica di Santa Croce became a UNESCO World Heritage site as part of the Historic Center of Florence.

    The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) in Florence, Italy, is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Construction began in 1294, and it was consecrated in 1442. Many of the basilica’s 16 chapels are decorated with frescos by Giotto and his students, and famous Italians such as Galileo, Machiavelli, and Michelangelo are buried in the basilica. In 1982, the Basilica di Santa Croce became a UNESCO World Heritage site as part of the Historic Center of Florence.

  • The Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) spans the Arno River in Florence, Italy, at its narrowest point. The current structure dates to 1345 and houses shops on either side of the roadway.

    The Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) spans the Arno River in Florence, Italy, at its narrowest point. The current structure dates to 1345 and houses shops on either side of the roadway.

  • The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistry of St. John) in front of the Duomo (Cathedral) in Florence, Italy, is one of the oldest buildings in the city. Its construction dates to between 1059 and 1128.

    The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistry of St. John) in front of the Duomo (Cathedral) in Florence, Italy, is one of the oldest buildings in the city. Its construction dates to between 1059 and 1128.

  • A view of the dome of the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower) in Florence, Italy. Until modern times, the dome -- engineered by Brunelleschi -- was the largest in the world and remains the largest brick dome ever constructed. The bell tower -- designed by Giotto -- appears on the left.

    A view of the dome of the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower) in Florence, Italy. Until modern times, the dome -- engineered by Brunelleschi -- was the largest in the world and remains the largest brick dome ever constructed. The bell tower -- designed by Giotto -- appears on the left.

  • This statue of Galileo Galilei is one of 28 statues in front of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. The statues honor famous people in the arts, politics, science, and religion. Among Galileo's discoveries were the confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the moons of Jupiter (later named the Galilean moons in his honor), and his observation and analysis of sunspots, all done using a telescope of his design and construction.

    This statue of Galileo Galilei is one of 28 statues in front of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. The statues honor famous people in the arts, politics, science, and religion. Among Galileo's discoveries were the confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the moons of Jupiter (later named the Galilean moons in his honor), and his observation and analysis of sunspots, all done using a telescope of his design and construction.

  • The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistry of St. John) in Pisa, Italy, dates to 1153. The building on the left is the Camposanto or walled cemetery. To the right is the Duomo (Cathedral) and the Campanile (Leaning Tower).

    The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistry of St. John) in Pisa, Italy, dates to 1153. The building on the left is the Camposanto or walled cemetery. To the right is the Duomo (Cathedral) and the Campanile (Leaning Tower).

  • The Duomo (Cathedral) and Campanile (Leaning Bell Tower) in the Cathedral Plaza in Pisa, Italy. Because of a poorly laid foundation, the tower began to lean soon after construction in 1173.

    The Duomo (Cathedral) and Campanile (Leaning Bell Tower) in the Cathedral Plaza in Pisa, Italy. Because of a poorly laid foundation, the tower began to lean soon after construction in 1173.

  • Construction of the 55.9 (183.3 ft) high Campanile (bell tower) of the Duomo (cathedral) in Pisa, Italy -- popularly known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa -- began on August 9, 1173. Because of unstable subsoil and a shallow foundation, the tower began to lean five years later. To try to compensate for the tilt, medieval engineers built the upper floors with one side taller than the other, so that the tower is curved.

    Construction of the 55.9 (183.3 ft) high Campanile (bell tower) of the Duomo (cathedral) in Pisa, Italy -- popularly known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa -- began on August 9, 1173. Because of unstable subsoil and a shallow foundation, the tower began to lean five years later. To try to compensate for the tilt, medieval engineers built the upper floors with one side taller than the other, so that the tower is curved.

  • Fortrezza Nuova at the harbor in Livorno, Italy, on the west coast of Tuscany. The fortress was built for the Medici family in the late 16th Century.

    Fortrezza Nuova at the harbor in Livorno, Italy, on the west coast of Tuscany. The fortress was built for the Medici family in the late 16th Century.

  • A view of the Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute (Basilica of St. Mary of Health) in Venice, Italy, a church constructed as a votive offering for the city's deliverance from a particularly devastating plague in 1630. Construction began in 1631 but was not completed until five decades later, in 1681.

    A view of the Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute (Basilica of St. Mary of Health) in Venice, Italy, a church constructed as a votive offering for the city's deliverance from a particularly devastating plague in 1630. Construction began in 1631 but was not completed until five decades later, in 1681.

  • Looking down on St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Italy, from the campanile (bell tower).

    Looking down on St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Italy, from the campanile (bell tower).

  • View of St. Mark's Square in Venice, Italy, showing the famous Greek horses and the astronomical clock. The bronze horses were originally installed at the Hippodrome in Constantinople and date back to at least the 4th century. In 1254, they came to Venice, where they remained until Napoleon took them to Paris in 1797. In 1815, the horses were returned to Venice, and the originals are now in St. Mark's Museum. The original astronomical clock was built between 1496-99.

    View of St. Mark's Square in Venice, Italy, showing the famous Greek horses and the astronomical clock. The bronze horses were originally installed at the Hippodrome in Constantinople and date back to at least the 4th century. In 1254, they came to Venice, where they remained until Napoleon took them to Paris in 1797. In 1815, the horses were returned to Venice, and the originals are now in St. Mark's Museum. The original astronomical clock was built between 1496-99.

  • The gondolas of Venice, Italy, have been city icons since they first were introduced in the 11th century. A gondola is a flat-bottomed rowing boat made of 280 pieces handmade from eight types of wood (lime, oak, mahogany, walnut, cherry, fir, larch, and elm).

    The gondolas of Venice, Italy, have been city icons since they first were introduced in the 11th century. A gondola is a flat-bottomed rowing boat made of 280 pieces handmade from eight types of wood (lime, oak, mahogany, walnut, cherry, fir, larch, and elm).

  • A view of San Giorgio Maggiore Island in Venice, Italy, showing the Benedictine monastery established in 982 and the church of San Giorgio Maggiore (St. George the Great) designed by Palladio, which was begun in 1566 and completed in 1610.

    A view of San Giorgio Maggiore Island in Venice, Italy, showing the Benedictine monastery established in 982 and the church of San Giorgio Maggiore (St. George the Great) designed by Palladio, which was begun in 1566 and completed in 1610.

  • The Rialto Bridge was one of the first to span the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. The structure was originally built of wood, but after it collapsed twice under the weight of residents watching boat races, a stone bridge replaced it in 1591.

    The Rialto Bridge was one of the first to span the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. The structure was originally built of wood, but after it collapsed twice under the weight of residents watching boat races, a stone bridge replaced it in 1591.

  • The Grand Canal, one of the major water-traffic corridors in Venice, Italy, as seen from the Rialto Bridge.

    The Grand Canal, one of the major water-traffic corridors in Venice, Italy, as seen from the Rialto Bridge.

  • The Bridge of Sighs over one of the many canals in Venice, Italy, was built in 1602 and connects the old prisons with the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace.

    The Bridge of Sighs over one of the many canals in Venice, Italy, was built in 1602 and connects the old prisons with the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace.

  • The building of Castle Tyrol in Italy began in the 11th century, and construction continued for the next two centuries. The fortress was the residence of the Counts of Tyrol until 1363, when the Hapsburgs took possession. It is now home to the South Tyrol Museum of History.

    The building of Castle Tyrol in Italy began in the 11th century, and construction continued for the next two centuries. The fortress was the residence of the Counts of Tyrol until 1363, when the Hapsburgs took possession. It is now home to the South Tyrol Museum of History.

  • A view of a vineyard in Tuscany in Italy.

    A view of a vineyard in Tuscany in Italy.

  • Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy, is Europe’s most active volcano (erupting for 500,00 years) and one of the largest volcanoes in the world. Its fiery lava flows have created fertile soils that support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain.

    Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy, is Europe’s most active volcano (erupting for 500,00 years) and one of the largest volcanoes in the world. Its fiery lava flows have created fertile soils that support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain.

  • The city of Naxos in Sicily, Italy, lies at the foot of Mount Etna. The resort city of Taormina is 7 km (4.5 mi) in the distance.

    The city of Naxos in Sicily, Italy, lies at the foot of Mount Etna. The resort city of Taormina is 7 km (4.5 mi) in the distance.

  • View of the town of Savoca in northeast Sicily, Italy.

    View of the town of Savoca in northeast Sicily, Italy.

  • View of the town of Savoca, Italy, from the Church of Saint Nicholas.

    View of the town of Savoca, Italy, from the Church of Saint Nicholas.

  • Arab watch tower outside the town of Savoca in Sicily, Italy.

    Arab watch tower outside the town of Savoca in Sicily, Italy.

  • A view of Canopus, a sanctuary to the god Serapis, located in Tivoli, Italy, at the villa of Emperor Hadrian (also known as Villa Adriana). The villa complex was created as a retreat for the emperor.

    A view of Canopus, a sanctuary to the god Serapis, located in Tivoli, Italy, at the villa of Emperor Hadrian (also known as Villa Adriana). The villa complex was created as a retreat for the emperor.

  • A view of Canopus, sanctuary of the god Serapis, at Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy.

    A view of Canopus, sanctuary of the god Serapis, at Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy.

  • Statue of Saint Benedict at the Abbey of Monte Cassino, about 130 km (80 mi) southeast of Rome, Italy. Benedict established his first monastery here in about 529.

    Statue of Saint Benedict at the Abbey of Monte Cassino, about 130 km (80 mi) southeast of Rome, Italy. Benedict established his first monastery here in about 529.

  • View inside the caldera of Mount Vesuvius in Italy.

    View inside the caldera of Mount Vesuvius in Italy.

  • Inside the caldera on Mount Vesuvius in Italy.

    Inside the caldera on Mount Vesuvius in Italy.

  • A view of some of the ruins at Pompeii, Italy, buried in the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79 and not rediscovered until the 18th century.

    A view of some of the ruins at Pompeii, Italy, buried in the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79 and not rediscovered until the 18th century.

  • The forum at Pompeii, Italy, with Mt. Vesuvius in the background.

    The forum at Pompeii, Italy, with Mt. Vesuvius in the background.

  • The First Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum in southern Italy. Paestum was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia (southern Italy). The ruins of Paestum are famous for their well-preserved ancient Greek temples -- including two dedicated to Hera -- dating from about 550 to 450 B.C.

    The First Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum in southern Italy. Paestum was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia (southern Italy). The ruins of Paestum are famous for their well-preserved ancient Greek temples -- including two dedicated to Hera -- dating from about 550 to 450 B.C.

  • The Second Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum in southern Italy dates to circa 450 B.C.

    The Second Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum in southern Italy dates to circa 450 B.C.

  • A view of the Greek Temple of Athena at Paestum, Italy, which dates to circa 500 B.C.

    A view of the Greek Temple of Athena at Paestum, Italy, which dates to circa 500 B.C.

  • La Scala (Teatro Alla Scala) in Milan, Italy, is one of the most famous theaters in the world and is known as the "Temple of Opera." The theater was built in 1778 on the former site of the Church of Santa Maria alla Scala, from which it draws its name.

    La Scala (Teatro Alla Scala) in Milan, Italy, is one of the most famous theaters in the world and is known as the "Temple of Opera." The theater was built in 1778 on the former site of the Church of Santa Maria alla Scala, from which it draws its name.

  • In 1872, this monument honoring Leonardo da Vinci was erected in the Piazza della Scala in front of the La Scala Theater in Milan, Italy. Designed and sculpted by Pietro Magni, the statue depicts da Vinci on a pedestal, with statues of four of his favorite students at his feet.

    In 1872, this monument honoring Leonardo da Vinci was erected in the Piazza della Scala in front of the La Scala Theater in Milan, Italy. Designed and sculpted by Pietro Magni, the statue depicts da Vinci on a pedestal, with statues of four of his favorite students at his feet.

  • View of the east side of the Piazza de Ferrari, the main square of Genoa, Italy. The huge plaza is renowned for its beautiful fountain, behind which is the Palace of the New Stock Exchange. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.

    View of the east side of the Piazza de Ferrari, the main square of Genoa, Italy. The huge plaza is renowned for its beautiful fountain, behind which is the Palace of the New Stock Exchange. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.

  • Stromboli Volcano in the Aeolian Islands in Italy. Mount Stromboli has been in almost continuous eruption for more than 2,000 years; its last serious eruption occurred in 1921. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.

    Stromboli Volcano in the Aeolian Islands in Italy. Mount Stromboli has been in almost continuous eruption for more than 2,000 years; its last serious eruption occurred in 1921. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.

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  • The ancient and historic city of Rome, Italy, showing the dome of the Pantheon on the left, the Monument of Victor Emanuel II in the left background, and various other church domes.
  • The Castel Sant'Angelo along the Tiber River in Rome, Italy, is also known as the Mausoleum of Hadrian. The Roman emperor built it as a tomb for himself and his family around A.D. 135. Succeeding emperors were also entombed there. The structure has since served as a fortress, a castle, and a museum.
  • The Colosseum in Rome, Italy was first used in A.D. 80. and it held 50,000 spectators. The name "Colosseum" was introduced in medieval times and referred to a giant statue of Nero that stood nearby. The arena was a wooden floor covered with sand, with rooms and passageways underneath for performers, sets, and animals and it could be flooded to recreate sea battles. Spectator seating was divided into three sections: ordinary people sat in the upper level, the better-off in the middle sections, and the elite in the lower level.
  • The Spanish Steps in the Plaza di Spagna in Rome, Italy. The steps were built with a legacy from France in 1725 and lead to a French church, the Trinita del Monti.
  • The Pantheon in the Plaza della Rotonda in Rome, Italy, dating from about A.D. 126 when the Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it over Marcus Agrippa's original temple dating from 27 B.C. The name comes from the Greek words "pan" (all) and "theos" (god). The Pantheon has been a Christian church since about 608.
  • Trajan's Column, a triumphal column in Rome, Italy, commemorates Roman Emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars (A.D. 101-102, 105-106).
  • The obelisk in the Plaza Navona in Rome, Italy, was created in Aswan, Egypt, in the 1st century A.D. at the request of Emperor Domitian and formerly stood in the Circus Maximus. The Fountain of Four Rivers (Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi) surrounds the obelisk and was added by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1651. The fountain's four river gods represent the four continents under papal authority.
  • The Trevi Fountain in Rome, Italy, designed by Nicola Salvi in 1732. It depicts Neptune's chariot being led by Tritons with sea horses -- one wild and one docile -- representing the varying moods of the sea.
  • The Arch of Septimius Severus, located in the Forum in Rome, Italy, is a triumphal arch built by the Emperor Septimius Severus to commemorate his victory over the Parthian Empire. Completed in A.D. 203, the monument is almost 21 meters high, over 23 meters wide, and faced with white marble.
  • A nighttime view of Trajan's Market in Rome, Italy. Now a complex of ruins, it was built in A.D. 100-110. Its upper floor was filled with offices, and a road divided it from the lower floor, which held shops.
  • One of the allegorical statues at the foot of the Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II) in Rome, Italy. Victor Emmanuel was the first king of a unified Italy, ruling from 1861-1878.
  • The Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland) in Rome honors the first King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II. Designed by Giuseppe Sacconi, the monument was built between 1895 and 1911 and contains a museum dedicated to the history of the unification of Italy, as well as a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
  • View of Amalfi, Italy, with Mount Cerreto (1,315 m; 4,314 ft) in the background. Amalfi was a maritime power with 70,000 residents until 1343, when an earthquake and subsequent tsunami destroyed most of the city. The tower of the Amalfi Cathedral (Duomo di Amalfi), built in 1208, can be seen in the foreground.
  • View of homes in Positano on the rugged Amalfi Coast in Italy. The city is about 18 km east of the city of Amalfi and was a prosperous port in the Amalfi Republic during the 16th and 17th centuries.
  • The Palazzo Vecchio (Old Palace), built between 1298 and 1314, is the traditional seat of the Florentine government in Italy. Its Torre d'Arnolfo (Arnolfo Tower) is 94m (308 ft) high and is a symbol of the city. The building, which stands on the Piazza della Signoria, is fronted by several famous statutes.
  • The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) in Florence, Italy, is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Construction began in 1294, and it was consecrated in 1442. Many of the basilica’s 16 chapels are decorated with frescos by Giotto and his students, and famous Italians such as Galileo, Machiavelli, and Michelangelo are buried in the basilica. In 1982, the Basilica di Santa Croce became a UNESCO World Heritage site as part of the Historic Center of Florence.
  • The Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) spans the Arno River in Florence, Italy, at its narrowest point. The current structure dates to 1345 and houses shops on either side of the roadway.
  • The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistry of St. John) in front of the Duomo (Cathedral) in Florence, Italy, is one of the oldest buildings in the city. Its construction dates to between 1059 and 1128.
  • A view of the dome of the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower) in Florence, Italy. Until modern times, the dome -- engineered by Brunelleschi -- was the largest in the world and remains the largest brick dome ever constructed. The bell tower -- designed by Giotto -- appears on the left.
  • This statue of Galileo Galilei is one of 28 statues in front of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. The statues honor famous people in the arts, politics, science, and religion. Among Galileo's discoveries were the confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the moons of Jupiter (later named the Galilean moons in his honor), and his observation and analysis of sunspots, all done using a telescope of his design and construction.
  • The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistry of St. John) in Pisa, Italy, dates to 1153. The building on the left is the Camposanto or walled cemetery. To the right is the Duomo (Cathedral) and the Campanile (Leaning Tower).
  • The Duomo (Cathedral) and Campanile (Leaning Bell Tower) in the Cathedral Plaza in Pisa, Italy. Because of a poorly laid foundation, the tower began to lean soon after construction in 1173.
  • Construction of the 55.9 (183.3 ft) high Campanile (bell tower) of the Duomo (cathedral) in Pisa, Italy -- popularly known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa -- began on August 9, 1173. Because of unstable subsoil and a shallow foundation, the tower began to lean five years later. To try to compensate for the tilt, medieval engineers built the upper floors with one side taller than the other, so that the tower is curved.
  • Fortrezza Nuova at the harbor in Livorno, Italy, on the west coast of Tuscany. The fortress was built for the Medici family in the late 16th Century.
  • A view of the Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute (Basilica of St. Mary of Health) in Venice, Italy, a church constructed as a votive offering for the city's deliverance from a particularly devastating plague in 1630. Construction began in 1631 but was not completed until five decades later, in 1681.
  • Looking down on St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Italy, from the campanile (bell tower).
  • View of St. Mark's Square in Venice, Italy, showing the famous Greek horses and the astronomical clock. The bronze horses were originally installed at the Hippodrome in Constantinople and date back to at least the 4th century. In 1254, they came to Venice, where they remained until Napoleon took them to Paris in 1797. In 1815, the horses were returned to Venice, and the originals are now in St. Mark's Museum. The original astronomical clock was built between 1496-99.
  • The gondolas of Venice, Italy, have been city icons since they first were introduced in the 11th century. A gondola is a flat-bottomed rowing boat made of 280 pieces handmade from eight types of wood (lime, oak, mahogany, walnut, cherry, fir, larch, and elm).
  • A view of San Giorgio Maggiore Island in Venice, Italy, showing the Benedictine monastery established in 982 and the church of San Giorgio Maggiore (St. George the Great) designed by Palladio, which was begun in 1566 and completed in 1610.
  • The Rialto Bridge was one of the first to span the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. The structure was originally built of wood, but after it collapsed twice under the weight of residents watching boat races, a stone bridge replaced it in 1591.
  • The Grand Canal, one of the major water-traffic corridors in Venice, Italy, as seen from the Rialto Bridge.
  • The Bridge of Sighs over one of the many canals in Venice, Italy, was built in 1602 and connects the old prisons with the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace.
  • The building of Castle Tyrol in Italy began in the 11th century, and construction continued for the next two centuries. The fortress was the residence of the Counts of Tyrol until 1363, when the Hapsburgs took possession. It is now home to the South Tyrol Museum of History.
  • A view of a vineyard in Tuscany in Italy.
  • Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy, is Europe’s most active volcano (erupting for 500,00 years) and one of the largest volcanoes in the world. Its fiery lava flows have created fertile soils that support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain.
  • The city of Naxos in Sicily, Italy, lies at the foot of Mount Etna. The resort city of Taormina is 7 km (4.5 mi) in the distance.
  • View of the town of Savoca in northeast Sicily, Italy.
  • View of the town of Savoca, Italy, from the Church of Saint Nicholas.
  • Arab watch tower outside the town of Savoca in Sicily, Italy.
  • A view of Canopus, a sanctuary to the god Serapis, located in Tivoli, Italy, at the villa of Emperor Hadrian (also known as Villa Adriana). The villa complex was created as a retreat for the emperor.
  • A view of Canopus, sanctuary of the god Serapis, at Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy.
  • Statue of Saint Benedict at the Abbey of Monte Cassino, about 130 km (80 mi) southeast of Rome, Italy. Benedict established his first monastery here in about 529.
  • View inside the caldera of Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
  • Inside the caldera on Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
  • A view of some of the ruins at Pompeii, Italy, buried in the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79 and not rediscovered until the 18th century.
  • The forum at Pompeii, Italy, with Mt. Vesuvius in the background.
  • The First Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum in southern Italy. Paestum was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia (southern Italy). The ruins of Paestum are famous for their well-preserved ancient Greek temples -- including two dedicated to Hera -- dating from about 550 to 450 B.C.
  • The Second Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum in southern Italy dates to circa 450 B.C.
  • A view of the Greek Temple of Athena at Paestum, Italy, which dates to circa 500 B.C.
  • La Scala (Teatro Alla Scala) in Milan, Italy, is one of the most famous theaters in the world and is known as the "Temple of Opera." The theater was built in 1778 on the former site of the Church of Santa Maria alla Scala, from which it draws its name.
  • In 1872, this monument honoring Leonardo da Vinci was erected in the Piazza della Scala in front of the La Scala Theater in Milan, Italy. Designed and sculpted by Pietro Magni, the statue depicts da Vinci on a pedestal, with statues of four of his favorite students at his feet.
  • View of the east side of the Piazza de Ferrari, the main square of Genoa, Italy. The huge plaza is renowned for its beautiful fountain, behind which is the Palace of the New Stock Exchange. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.
  • Stromboli Volcano in the Aeolian Islands in Italy. Mount Stromboli has been in almost continuous eruption for more than 2,000 years; its last serious eruption occurred in 1921. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.

Italy Factbook Data

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Shawn CROWLEY (since January 2025); note - also accredited to San Marino

embassy: via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187 Roma

mailing address: 9500 Rome Place, Washington DC  20521-9500

telephone: [39] 06-46741

FAX: [39] 06-4674-2244

email address and website:
uscitizenrome@state.gov

https://it.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples

Age structure

0-14 years: 11.9% (male 3,699,167/female 3,531,734)

15-64 years: 64.5% (male 19,378,160/female 19,958,137)

65 years and over: 23.6% (2024 est.) (male 6,336,738/female 8,060,995)
2024 population pyramid
This is the population pyramid for Italy. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.

Geographic coordinates

42 50 N, 12 50 E

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Natural hazards

regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice

volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna (3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2013, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini

Area - comparative

almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona
Area comparison map

almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona

Military service age and obligation

17-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (some variations on age depending on the military branch); voluntary service is a minimum of 12 months with the option to extend in the Armed Forces or compete for positions in the Military Corps of the Italian Red Cross, the State Police, the Carabinieri, the Guardia di Finanza, the Penitentiary Police, or the National Fire Brigade; recruits can also volunteer for 4 years military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2024)

note: women serve in all military branches; as of 2023, women made up about 8% of the military's full-time personnel

Background

Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946, and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO, as well as the European Economic Community (EEC) and its successors, the EC and the EU. It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north.

Environment - current issues

air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; water pollution from industrial and agricultural effluents, as well as acid rain; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol

Military expenditures

1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
1.5% of GDP (2023)
1.5% of GDP (2022)
1.5% of GDP (2021)
1.6% of GDP (2020)

Population below poverty line

20.1% (2021 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.3% (2021 est.)

highest 10%: 26.2% (2021 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Exports - commodities

packaged medicine, garments, cars, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Germany 11%, USA 11%, France 10%, Spain 5%, UK 5% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Administrative divisions

15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma)

regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto

autonomous regions: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Sardegna (Sardinia), Sicilia (Sicily), Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German), Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)

Agricultural products

milk, wheat, grapes, tomatoes, maize, olives, apples, oranges, sugar beets, rice (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Military and security forces

Italian Armed Forces (Forze Armate Italiane): Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI; includes aviation, marines), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI); Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2025)

note 1: the National (or State) Police and Carabinieri (gendarmerie or military police) maintain internal security; the National Police reports to the Ministry of Interior while the Carabinieri reports to the Ministry of Defense but is also under the coordination of the Ministry of Interior; the Carabinieri is primarily a domestic police force organized along military lines, with some overseas responsibilities

note 2: the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration

Budget

revenues: $857.336 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $1.015 trillion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Capital

name: Rome

geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city, but the name Romulus may instead derive from the city's name; the name Rome may come from an Etruscan name for the Tiber River, which was Roma or Ruma

Imports - commodities

natural gas, crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicine, garments (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Climate

predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

Coastline

7,600 km

Constitution

history: previous 1848 (originally for the Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by the Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948

amendment process: proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by 5 Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
0.925 (2023 est.)
0.95 (2022 est.)
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.876 (2020 est.)
0.893 (2019 est.)

Executive branch

chief of state: President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015)

head of government: Prime Minister Giorgia MELONI (since 22 October 2022); the prime minister's official title is President of the Council of Ministers

cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, who is known officially as the President of the Council of Ministers and locally as the Premier; nominated by the president

elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 24-29 January 2022 (eight rounds) (next to be held in 2029); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament

election results:
2022: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) reelected president; electoral college vote count in eighth round - 759 out of 1,009 (505 vote threshold)

2015: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 995 (505 vote threshold)

 

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard

note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of green and red, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green

Illicit drugs

important gateway for drug trafficking; organized crime groups allied with Colombian and Spanish groups trafficking cocaine to Europe

Independence

17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1871)

Industries

tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione (consists of the first president, deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels); Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of the court president and 14 judges)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by Parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years

subordinate courts: various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals and courts of appeal)

Land boundaries

total: 1,836.4 km

border countries (6): Austria 404 km; France 476 km; Holy See (Vatican City) 3.4 km; San Marino 37 km; Slovenia 218 km; Switzerland 698 km

Land use

agricultural land: 44% (2022 est.)

arable land: 24% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 8.1% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 11.9% (2022 est.)

forest: 32.7% (2022 est.)

other: 23.3% (2022 est.)

Legal system

civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court

Legislative branch

legislature name: Parliament (Il Parlamento)

legislative structure: bicameral

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99.2%

male: 99.4%

female: 99% (2018)

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

National holiday

Republic Day, 2 June (1946)

Nationality

noun: Italian(s)

adjective: Italian

Natural resources

coal, antimony, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land

Geography - note

strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe

Economic overview

high-income, core EU economy; strong services, manufacturing, and tourism sectors; modest growth supported by net exports, low inflation, and public investments via EU funds; tight labor market with aging workforce and shortages in specialized skills; high public debt levels

Political parties

Action-Italia Viva 
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad or MAIE 
Brothers of Italy or FdI 
Democratic Party or PD 
Five Star Movement or M5S 
Forza Italia or FI 
Free and Equal (Liberi e Uguali) or LeU 
Greens and Left Alliance or AVS 
Italexit 
League or Lega 
More Europe or +EU 
Popular Union or PU 
South calls North or ScN 
South Tyrolean Peoples Party or SVP 
other minor parties

Railways

total: 18,475 km (2020) 12,936 km electrified

1289.3 0.950-mm gauge (151.3 km electrified)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: Italy’s large telecom market has one of the most progressive fiber sectors in Europe, with regulatory measures encouraging network sharing; regulatory measures have also been introduced to facilitate access to next generation networks (NGNs), and a number of deals have been brokered which enable the main telcoms to provide bundled services to large numbers of the population; Italy’s vibrant mobile market has one of the highest subscription rates in Europe, though the number of subscribers has fallen in recent years as customers respond to attractive off-net pricing which has reduced the financial benefit of having SIM cards from different providers; network companies were among the first in Europe to trial services based on 5G; the high cost also encouraged the regulator in early 2021 to consider extending the licenses by an additional six years (2021)

domestic: 34 per 100 for fixed-line and nearly 132 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2021)

international: country code - 39; landing points for Italy-Monaco, Italy-Libya, Italy-Malta, Italy-Greece-1, Italy-Croatia, BlueMed, Janna, FEA, SeaMeWe-3 & 4 & 5, Trapani-Kelibia, Columbus-III, Didon, GO-1, HANNIBAL System, MENA, Bridge International, Malta-Italy Interconnector, Melita1, IMEWE, VMSCS, AAE-1, and OTEGLOBE, submarine cables that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean) (2019)

Terrain

mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

Government type

parliamentary republic

Country name

conventional long form: Italian Republic

conventional short form: Italy

local long form: Repubblica Italiana

local short form: Italia

former: Kingdom of Italy

etymology: derivation is unclear; traditionally said to come from the Vitali, a tribe that settled in what is now Calabria, and whose name is believed to be linked to the Latin word vitulus, or "calf;" alternatively, the name may derive from a local ruler known to the Romans as Italus

Location

Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia

Map references

Europe

Irrigated land

24,460 sq km (2021)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Mariangela ZAPPIA (since 15 September 2021)

chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400

FAX: [1] (202) 518-2154

email address and website:
washington.ambasciata@esteri.it

https://ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/ambasciata_washington/en/

consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco

consulate(s): Detroit

Internet users

percent of population: 87% (2023 est.)

Internet country code

.it

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 21,441 (Nigeria), 17,706 (Afghanistan), 17,619 (Pakistan), 11,193 (Mali), 8,405 (Somalia), 6,324 (Gambia), 5,768 (Bangladesh), 5,463 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 169,165 (Ukraine) (as of 23 February 2024)

stateless persons: 3,000 (2022)

note: 861,413 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.301 trillion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: BBB- (2020)

Moody's rating: Baa3 (2018)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2017)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Total renewable water resources

191.3 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Urbanization

urban population: 72% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Broadcast media

two Italian media giants dominate with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned companies with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations, a satellite TV network; 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; about 1,300 commercial radio stations

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 99.9% of population

unimproved:

urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

National anthem

name: "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians)

lyrics/music: Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO

note: adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as "L'Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymn), and "Fratelli D'Italia" (Brothers of Italy)
This is an audio of the National Anthem for Italy. The national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition - usually in the form of a song or hymn of praise - that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, or struggles of a nation or its people. National anthems can be officially recognized as a national song by a country's constitution or by an enacted law, or simply by tradition. Although most anthems contain lyrics, some do not.

Major urban areas - population

4.316 million ROME (capital), 3.155 million Milan, 2.179 million Naples, 1.802 million Turin, 913,000 Bergamo, 850,000 Palermo (2023)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Physician density

4.19 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density

3.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)

National symbol(s)

white, five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia); national colors: red, white, green

Mother's mean age at first birth

31.4 years (2020 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

65.1% (2013)

note: percent of women aged 18-49

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 58.4% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 17.8% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 22.5% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.2% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 33.7% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -32.5% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 55 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 18.4 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 36.6 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Italy

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years for EU nationals, 5 years for refugees and specified exceptions, 10 years for all others

Population distribution

despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

I

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north, Albanian-Italians, Croat-Italians, and Greek-Italians in the south)

Religions

Christian 80.8% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim 4.9%, unaffiliated 13.4%, other 0.9% (2020 est.)

Languages

Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German-speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area), Croatian (in Molise)

major-language sample(s):
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Italian audio sample

Imports - partners

Germany 15%, France 9%, China 8%, Netherlands 6%, Spain 5% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Elevation

highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc) 4,748 m

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 538 m

Current health expenditure

9% of GDP (2022)

Military - note

the Italian military is responsible for Italy’s national defense and security and fulfilling the country’s commitments to the EU, NATO, and the UN; it also has some domestic security duties; for example, the Army has provided troops for guarding public buildings and for more than a decade several thousand Army and Carabinieri personnel have been deployed domestically to support the National Police as part of a government effort to curb crime in various Italian cities 

Italy has been an active member of NATO since its founding in 1948, and the Alliance is a cornerstone of Rome’s national security strategy; it is a strong supporter of European/EU defense cooperation and integration; Italy is a frequent participant in EU, NATO, UN, and other multinational military, security, and humanitarian operations; key areas of emphasis for Italy’s security policy and multinational cooperation are NATO/Europe’s eastern and southern flanks, including the Mediterranean Sea, East and North Africa, and the Middle East and its adjacent waters

Italy is one of NATO’s leading contributors of military forces and participates in such missions as NATO’s Air Policing in the Baltics, the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, and maritime patrols in the Mediterranean and beyond; it hosts NATO’s Joint Force Command in Naples and a NATO Rapid Deployable Corps headquarters in Milan, as well as the headquarters for the EU’s Mediterranean naval operations force in Rome; in addition, Italy has close defense ties with the US and hosts several US military air, army, and naval bases and facilities (2024)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 170,000 active personnel (100,000 Army; 30,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force); approximately 108,000 Carabinieri (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically manufactured, imported, and jointly produced weapons systems, mostly from Europe and the US; in recent years, the US has been the lead supplier of military hardware to Italy; the Italian defense industry is capable of producing equipment across all the military domains with particular strengths in aircraft, armored vehicles, and naval vessels; it also participates in joint development and production of advanced weapons systems with other European countries and the US (2024)

Military deployments

120 Djibouti; approximately 750 Bulgaria (NATO); approximately 650 Middle East (NATO, European Assistance Mission Iraq); 250 Hungary (NATO; up to 1,500 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 250 Latvia (NATO); 1,325 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 200 Libya; 350 Niger; 250 Romania (NATO); 150 Somalia (EUTM) (2024)

note 1: Italy has about 11,500 total air, ground, and naval forces deployed on foreign missions

note 2: since 1960, Italy has committed more than 60,000 troops to UN missions, and it hosts a training center in Vicenza for police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions

Terrorist group(s)

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 9.19 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 7.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 17 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 29.524 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 7,646,716 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.9% (2015 est.)

Average household expenditures

on food: 14.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 3.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 14.22 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

methane emissions: 41.3 megatons (2020 est.)

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 60 (54 cultural, 6 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:

Historic Center of Rome (c); Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata (c); Venice and its Lagoon (c); Historic Center of Florence (c); Piazza del Duomo, Pisa (c); Historic Centre of Naples (c); Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands  (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)(c); Villa d'Este, Tivoli (c); Mount Etna (n); Rock Drawings in Valcamonica (c); Historic Siena (c);Rock Drawings in Valcamonica(c); Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci (c);Historic Centre of San Gimignano (c); The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera (c); City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto (c); Crespi d'Adda (c); Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta 15 (c); Castel del Monte (c); Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna (c); Historic Centre of the City of Pienza (c);The Trulli of Alberobello (c); 18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex (c); Archaeological Area of Agrigento (c); Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua (c); Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena (c); Costiera Amalfitana (c); Residences of the Royal House of Savoy (c); Su Nuraxi di Barumini (c); Villa Romana del Casale (c); Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia (c); Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological Sites of Paestum   and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula (c); Historic Centre of Urbino (c); Villa Adriana (Tivoli) (c); Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites (c); City of Verona (c); Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) (n); Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily) (c); Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy (c); Monte San Giorgio (n); Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia (c); Val d'Orcia (c); Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica (c); Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Mantua and Sabbioneta (c); Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes (c);The Dolomites (n); Longobards in Italy. Places of the Power (568-774 A.D.) (c); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany (c); Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato (c); Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale  (c); Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar (c); Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century (c); Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene (c);Padua’s fourteenth-century fresco cycles (c); The Great Spa Towns of Europe (c); The Porticoes of Bologna (c); Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines (n); Via Appia. Regina Viarum (c)

Coal

production: 1.572 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 12.424 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 304,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 12.069 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 609.999 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 56% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 12% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 9.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 14.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

geothermal: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste: 6.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Natural gas

production: 2.778 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption: 61.906 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports: 2.609 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 61.851 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 45.76 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 111,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 1.245 million bbl/day (2024 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 497.934 million barrels (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.61 (2024 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

52.5% (2023 est.)

Remittances

0.53% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.48% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Nuclear energy

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 4 (2025)

Space program overview

has one of the largest space programs in Europe; is a key member of the European Space Agency (ESA) and one of its largest contributors; designs, builds, launches, and operates communications, remote sensing (RS), and scientific satellites; designs and manufacturers sounding (research) rockets and orbital satellite launch vehicles (SLVs); hosts the ESA Center for Earth Observation; has astronaut cadre in the ESA astronaut corps; researches, develops, and builds a range of other space-related technologies and participates in a wide array of international programs with astronauts, cargo containers, construction, expertise, modules, scientific experiments, and technology; outside of the ESA/EU and their individual member states, has cooperated with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, the UAE, and the US; participates in international space projects such as the International Space Station (ISS); has a considerable commercial space industrial sector encompassing a wide range of capabilities, including manufacturing satellites, satellite payloads, launch vehicles, propulsion systems, cargo containers, and their sub-components (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Space launch site(s)

the Broglio (aka San Marco, Malindi) Space Center, located near Malindi, Kenya, served from 1967 to 1988 as an Italian and international satellite launch facility; in 2020, Kenya concluded a new deal with Italy to conduct rocket launches from the site again in the future; in 2018, the Italian Government designated the Taranto-Grottaglie Airport as a future spaceport and signed framework agreements with commercial space companies that could lead to suborbital and orbital launches from what would be called the Grottaglie Spaceport (2024)

Space agency/agencies

Italian Space Agency (L’Agenzia Spaziale Italiana or ASI; established 1988); Joint Space Operations Command (Comando Interforze delle Operazioni Spaziali or COS; established 2020) (2024)

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 11

global geoparks and regional networks: Adamello-Brenta; Alpi Apuane; Aspromonte; Beigua; Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni; Madonie; Maiella; Pollino; Rocca di Cerere; Sesia Val Grande; Tuscan Mining Park (2023)

Ports

total ports: 123 (2024)

large: 12

medium: 11

small: 71

very small: 28

size unknown: 1

ports with oil terminals: 33

key ports: Brindisi, Civitavecchia, Genova, Gioia Tauro, La Spezia, Livorno, Messina, Napoli, Porto di Lido-Venezia, Siracusa, Taranto, Trieste

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)

number of seats: 400 (all directly elected)

electoral system: mixed system

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 9/25/2022

parties elected and seats per party: Coalition Brothers of Italy (FdI) - Lega - Forza Italia - Us Moderates (Noi moderati, NM) (237); Democratic Party - Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD-IDP) - Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) - +EUROPA" - Civic Commitment (IC) (84); Five Star Movement (M5s) (52); Action - Italia Viva (21); Other (6)

percentage of women in chamber: 32.8%

expected date of next election: September 2027

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name: Senate (Senato della Repubblica)

number of seats: 205 (200 directly elected; 5 appointed)

electoral system: mixed system

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 9/25/2022

parties elected and seats per party: Coalition Brothers of Italy (FdI) - Lega - Forza Italia - Us Moderates (Noi moderati, NM) (115); Democratic Party - Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD-IDP) - Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) - +EUROPA" - Civic Commitment (IC) (44); Five Star Movement (M5s) (28); Other (13)

percentage of women in chamber: 36.3%

expected date of next election: September 2027

Labor force

25.786 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 22.7% (2023 est.)

male: 21.2% (2023 est.)

female: 25.2% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Net migration rate

3.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 48.4 years (2024 est.)

male: 47.4 years

female: 49.4 years

Maternal mortality ratio

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$247.396 billion (2023 est.)
$224.581 billion (2022 est.)
$227.478 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Public debt

131.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds

Total fertility rate

1.26 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.62% (2023 est.)
8.07% (2022 est.)
9.5% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Population

total: 60,964,931 (2024 est.)

male: 29,414,065

female: 31,550,866

Carbon dioxide emissions

307.442 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 26.15 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 162.688 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 118.604 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Area

total : 301,340 sq km

land: 294,140 sq km

water: 7,200 sq km

note: includes Sardinia and Sicily

Taxes and other revenues

24.5% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$3.145 trillion (2023 est.)
$3.123 trillion (2022 est.)
$2.984 trillion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Airports

655 (2025)

Infant mortality rate

total: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 2.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 78.5 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 133 (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

34.8 (2021 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.62% (2023 est.)
8.2% (2022 est.)
1.87% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Current account balance

-$247.462 million (2023 est.)
-$32.783 billion (2022 est.)
$51.549 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Real GDP per capita

$53,300 (2023 est.)
$52,900 (2022 est.)
$50,500 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 20.1 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 23.1% (2020 est.)

male: 26.6% (2020 est.)

female: 19.5% (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

19.9% (2016)

Energy consumption per capita

96.797 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Death rate

11.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Birth rate

7.1 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 128.692 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 290.664 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports: 3.32 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports: 54.572 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 17.62 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 1,276 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 17, container ship 6, general cargo 109, oil tanker 95, other 1,049

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Imports

$747.798 billion (2023 est.)
$785.549 billion (2022 est.)
$644.93 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports

$777.594 billion (2023 est.)
$752.864 billion (2022 est.)
$691.428 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Heliports

163 (2025)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 20.107 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2023 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 7.65 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 1.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 4.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 0.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 83 years (2024 est.)

male: 80.7 years

female: 85.5 years

Real GDP growth rate

0.7% (2023 est.)
4.66% (2022 est.)
8.31% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Industrial production growth rate

0.28% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 1.9% (2023 est.)

industry: 22.9% (2023 est.)

services: 65% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Revenue from forest resources

0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Education expenditures

4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.08% (2024 est.)
Sources: